Abstract: A thin film electric heater employs voltage and current suppressed below values of an allowable voltage and an allowable current. The thin film electric heater includes a thin film electric resistor to be formed directly on a surface of an object to be heated and is energized to effect heating. The resistor has a surface resistivity r, expressed by r=.rho./t (where .rho. is the volume resistivity of the thin film electric resistor and t is the film thickness of the thin film electric resistor), within a range to achieve the heating function of the thin film electric heater while the values of voltage and current applied to the thin film electric heater are suppressed below the values of the allowable voltage and the allowable current.

Abstract: A mold includes a thin film electric heating employing voltage and current suppressed below values of an allowable voltage and an allowable current. The thin film electric heat includes a thin film electric resistor formed directly on a surface of the mold and is energized to effect heating. The resistor has a surface resistivity r, expressed by r=.rho./t (where .rho. is the volume resistivity of the thin film electric resistor and t is the film thickness of the thin film electric resistor), within a range to achieve the heating function of the thin film electric heater while the values of voltage and current applied to the thin film electric heater are suppressed below the values of the allowable voltage and the allowable current.

Abstract: Chip type circuit elements are mounted on adhesive layers provided on predetermined positions of a printed circuit board by pushing up each circuit element stack inserted in a magazine which is vertically held just below the corresponding adhesive layer and which is inserted through a corresponding through-hole defined by a lattice-shaped and horizontally placed magazine guide. This method and apparatus can quickly mount chip type circuit elements on the printed circuit board, and make possible an easy change of the circuit element pattern, without necessitating the use of an NC machine.