Abstract: A communication system includes a first switch that exchanges information with a neighboring switch by a preset routing protocol to form a forwarding table and that references the forwarding table to forward a packet. The communication system also includes a second switch that forwards the packet in accordance with an instruction from a preset controller, the controller that gives the instruction to the second switch, and an integrated controller. The integrated controller instructs the controller to forward the packet along a path specified for the second switch and to generate a virtual network formed by a virtualized switch as the first switch. The information is exchanged between the second switch mapped to the virtual network and the first switch by the preset routing protocol to cause the packet to be forwarded along a pre-calculated path.

Abstract: A control apparatus connected to a communication apparatus(es) that processes received packets in accordance with control information includes a control information generation unit generating control information to be set in the communication apparatus(es) and a communication apparatus control unit setting the generated control information in the communication apparatus(es). This control apparatus sets proxy-response control information in the communication apparatus(es), the proxy-response control information defining a processing content(s) for causing the communication apparatus(es), when the communication apparatus(es) receives a certain packet, to generate a response packet for the certain packet and to transmit the response packet to a source of the certain packet.

Abstract: A communication system includes a first switch that exchanges information with a neighboring switch by a preset routing protocol to form a forwarding table and that references the forwarding table to forward a packet. The communication system also includes a second switch that forwards the packet in accordance with an instruction from a preset controller, the controller that gives the instruction to the second switch, and an integrated controller. The integrated controller instructs the controller to forward the packet along a path specified for the second switch and to generate a virtual network formed by a virtualized switch as the first switch. The information is exchanged between the second switch mapped to the virtual network and the first switch by the preset routing protocol to cause the packet to be forwarded along a pre-calculated path.

Abstract: A control apparatus connected to a communication apparatus(es) that processes received packets in accordance with control information includes a control information generation unit generating control information to be set in the communication apparatus(es) and a communication apparatus control unit setting the generated control information in the communication apparatus(es). This control apparatus sets proxy-response control information in the communication apparatus(es), the proxy-response control information defining a processing content(s) for causing the communication apparatus(es), when the communication apparatus(es) receives a certain packet, to generate a response packet for the certain packet and to transmit the response packet to a source of the certain packet.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first wiring layer having a first wiring pitch and a second wiring layer having a second wiring pitch that differs from the first wiring pitch. The device further includes a third wiring layer which connects the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer and has a wiring incident angle of less than 45 degrees to at least the first wiring layer.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a first wiring layer having a first wiring pitch and a second wiring layer having a second wiring pitch that differs from the first wiring pitch. The device further includes a third wiring layer which connects the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer and has a wiring incident angle of less than 45 degrees to at least the first wiring layer.