Abstract: The object of the present invention is to provide an electroplating method that enables the high-speed treatment of articles to be plated that was difficult to achieve with the conventional tin-zinc electroplating. The present invention provides a method for electroplating with a tin-zinc alloy that is performed under the following conditions: plating bath temperature 30 to 90° C., plating bath stirring rate 5 to 300 m/min, and cathode current density 5 to 200 A/dm2. Preferably, in the tin-zinc alloy plating bath, the divalent tin ion concentration is 1 to 100 g/L and the zinc ion concentration is 0.2 to 80 g/L.

Abstract: An image display panel having, in a multilayer structure, a first and second light modulating layers each comprising a periodical planar arrangement of a plurality of light modulating elements for modulating a color or a brightness of an incident light in response to an input signal, wherein the arrangement period of the light modulating element in the first light modulating layer is smaller than the arrangement period of the light modulating element in the second light modulating layer.

Abstract: An electrophoretic display device executes a display on the basis of dispersing charged particles in a liquid and moving the charged particles under application of an electric field. The device includes a first substrate having an electrode, a film mounted on the first substrate and forming a closed portion with a surface of the first substrate, and a liquid positioned in the closed portion, with charged particles being dispersed in the liquid.

Abstract: An antiviral agent against retroviruses exhibiting synergistic antiviral effect which comprises as active ingredients a 6-benzyl-1-ethoxy-methyl-5-substituted uracil derivative such as 6-benzyl-1-ethoxymethyl-5-isopropyluraci together with two or more substances selected from the group consisting of nucleoside-type reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 2′-deoxy-3′-thiacytidine and esters thereof.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophoretic display device for executing a display on basis of dispersing charged particles in a liquid and moving the charged particles under application of an electric field, the device including a first substrate having an electrode, a film mounted on the first substrate and forming a closed portion with a surface of the first substrate, and a liquid positioned in the closed portion, charged particles being dispersed in the liquid.

Abstract: 2-amino-6-arylthiopurinephosphonate used in the antiviral agent of the present invention has no toxicity such as bone marrow cell growth inhibition or mutagenicity, and has a high antiviral activity, oral absorbency and safety. Furthermore, the compound of the present invention is effective for a mutant virus which is known to exhibit resistance to the conventional antiviral agents. Therefore, the present invention can provide a useful antiviral agent which leads to the establishment of a method for treating hepatitis B, which is a medically important object.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing an electron-emitting device that has an electroconductive film containing an electron-emitting region disposed between a pair of device electrodes includes a process of forming the electroconductive film by the steps of (a) applying a metal-containing solution, and (b) heating the solution. The metal-containing solution comprises a compound containing an organic acid group, a transition metal and an alcohol amine, and water.

Abstract: A compound represented by the following general formula (I) which has an antiviral activity: wherein R1 represents hydrogen atom, C1-C6 alkyl group, or C7-C10 aralkyl group; R2 represents C1-C6 alkyl group, C7-C10 aralkyl group, or phenyl group; R3 and R4 independently represent hydrogen atom, C1-C6 alkyl group, acyloxymethyl group, acylthioethyl group, or ethyl gorup substituted with at least one halogen atom; R5 represents hydrogen atom, C1-C4 alkyl gorup, C1-C4 hydroxyalkyl group, C1-C4 alkyl group substituted with at least one halogen atom; and X represents carbon atom or nitrogen atom.

Abstract: A phosphonate nucleotide compound represented by formula (I): (wherein R1 is a C1-C6 alkyl group or the like, R2 is a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms or the like, R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms or the like, R4 is a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group substituted by one or more halogen atoms and X is a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom), a salt thereof, a hydrate thereof or a solvate thereof, as well as a medicament containing the same. It is useful as an antiviral agent for human immunodeficiency virus, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B virus or the like and as an antitumor agent.

Abstract: A metal-containing composition contains an organic acid group, a transition metal, an alcohol amine, and water. The alcohol amine is preferably expressed by chemical formula (1):NH.sub.m R1.sub.n (R2OH).sub.3-m-n (1)where R1 is an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R2 is an alkyl carbon chain having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and m and n are integers of 0 to 2 that satisfy the relationship of (m+n)<3, or by chemical formula (2):NH.sub.2 CR3R4CHR5(CH.sub.2).sub.k OH (2)where R3 is a substituent selected from H, CH.sub.3, CH.sub.2 OH and CH.sub.2 CH.sub.3, R4 is H or CH.sub.2 OH, R5 is H or CH.sub.3 and k is an integer of 0 to 2. The composition may further contain a water soluble polymer and/or a water soluble poly- or monohydric alcohol. The composition is used for forming an electron-emitting device.

Abstract: The invention relates to an acid tin-silver alloy plating bath which comprises tin ions, silver ions, one compound selected from the group consisting of aromatic thiol compounds and aromatic sulfide compounds, substantially non-cyanide and a balance of water, the pH of the bath being not higher than 2. According to this acid bath, tin and silver can be kept dissolved in the bath in a stable state for a long period of time even at a high temperature and a predetermined plating capacity is kept for a long period of time even though the bath is free from cyanide.

Abstract: A phosphonate nucleotide compound having antiviral activity and is useful for an orally available and highly safe antiviral agent, which is represented by the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkoxy, a halogen-substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, halogen, amino, or nitro; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 independently represent hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.22 alkyl, an acyloxymethy, an acylthioethyl, or a halogen-substituted ethyl; R.sup.4 represents hydrogen, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 hydroxyalkyl, or a halogen-substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl; and X represents carbon or nitrogen.

Abstract: A Sn--Bi alloy plating bath comprises at least one compound selected from the group consisting of polyoxy monocarboxylic acids, polyoxy lactones, polycarboxylic acids and salts thereof. A plating method comprises the step of applying a Sn--Bi alloy plating film to a substrate in the foregoing plating bath. The plating bath permits the formation of a Sn--Bi alloy plating film having a bismuth content ranging from 0.1 to 75% over a wide current density range. Moreover, the plating bath never forms precipitates, does not become turbid, does not cause any change of the bath composition and is, therefore, quite stable even when it is stored over a long period of time.

Abstract: A zinc-iron-phosphorus alloy-plating bath having a pH of not less than 13 and containing iron, phosphorus and zinc sources in amounts required for electro-depositing a zinc-iron-phosphorus alloy film having an iron content ranging from 0.1 to 30% by weight, a phosphorus content ranging from 0.001 to 1.5% by weight and the balance of zinc, and an auxiliary agent for depositing phosphorus. The use of the alkaline plating bath permits the formation of a zinc-iron-phosphorus alloy film, through plating, excellent in lustre of deposit, throwing power and corrosion resistance and the reduction in corrosion of the plating equipment and also permits the formation of a film, through plating, having excellent adhesion as an undercoat for painting.

Abstract: Antiviral agents which comprises as active ingredients one or more 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleosides or phosphoric esters thereof and 6-benzyl-1-ethoxymethyl-5-substituted uracil derivative of the formula (I): ##STR1## wherein X is oxygen or sulfur atom; R.sup.1 is ethyl or isopropyl; R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are independently hydrogen atom, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl or halogen atom, which compounds can inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase through different mechanisms and are synergistic in combination.

Abstract: A liquid crystal device is constituted by a pair of substrates each having thereon an electrode and a uniaxial alignment film, and a chiral smectic liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. At least one of the uniaxial alignment films is a film comprising an electroconductive polymer doped with at least two species of dopants, which preferably include a first type dopant capable of dedoping into the liquid crystal due to electric field application or diffusion, and a second type dopant substantially incapable of dedoping into the liquid crystal. The resultant liquid crystal device is alleviated with respect to voltage hysteresis and is suitable for gradational display.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid crystal device having excellent gradation characteristics. A liquid crystal device of the invention has a liquid crystal held between a pair of electrodes. At least one of the electrodes is provided with a plurality of stripe electrodes with different spaces therebetween, and films provided between the respective stripe electrodes and having a sheet resistance of 10.sup.4 .OMEGA./.quadrature. to 10.sup.8 .OMEGA./.quadrature.. Alternatively, at least one of the electrodes has a plurality of projecting stripe portions formed thereon with different spaces within each of the pixels formed by intersections of both electrodes, the spaces between the projecting portions changes with a gradient within a pixel, and means for forming a distribution gradient of the strength of the electric field applied to the liquid crystal along the gradient of the space change.

Abstract: There is disclosed a polishing apparatus utilizing a gel material as the polishing tool, in which the gel material is rotated in the vicinity of a surface to be polished, or is given rotating and rocking motions in direct contact with the surface to be polished.

Abstract: Disclosed are a polymer gel in which a phase transition occurs due to a stimulus, a method of manufacturing such a polymer gel, and an actuator which employs such a polymer gel. The polymer gel which is formed by polymerizing monomers at a temperature equal to or less than a phase transition temperature of the resultant polymer gel and separating and/or classifying the polymer gel into fractions according to its size at a temperature equal to or greater than the phase transition temperature thereof. Alternatively, the polymer gel is separated and/or classified into fractions by adding a low molecular weight compound that can dissolve and swell the polymer gel to separate the polymer gel into fractions based upon a difference in dissolving rate or swelling rate. Alternatively separation and/or classification of the polymer gel is performed by a combination of the above-described two methods. In consequence, the resultant polymer gel has an average particle size ranging from 0.1 .mu.m to 100 .mu.

Abstract: A polymer-gel-coated conductor has a conductor member and a cross-linked polymer in a gel state. The polymer in gel state contains an electrolyte and coats the conductor member. An oxidative product or a reduction product of an organic matter or an inorganic matter has been precipitated on the surface of the conductor member or in the region of the polymer in gel state near the surface of the conductor member. Also disclosed are a method of producing the polymer-gel coated conductor and an electric cell in which at least one of a pair of electrodes is made of the polymer-gel-coated conductor.