Abstract: A separator such as for an electrochemical double layer capacitor includes acicular inorganic particles that are dried to form a porous membrane. Example inorganic particles are calcium silicate particles. A deposition method implementing slurry that includes the acicular inorganic particles and a dispersing medium along with a binder material can be used to form the separator layer directly on electrode materials.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a quaternary ammonium halide in a liquid solvent to form a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution. Filtration can be done at low temperatures to reduce the amount of excess bromide in the resulting electrolyte.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a quaternary ammonium halide in a liquid solvent to form a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A separator such as for an electrochemical double layer capacitor includes acicular inorganic particles that are dried to form a porous membrane. Example inorganic particles are calcium silicate particles. A deposition method implementing slurry that includes the acicular inorganic particles and a dispersing medium along with a binder material can be used to form the separator layer directly on electrode materials.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and spiro-bi-pyrrolidinium bromide in a liquid solvent to form spiro-bi-pyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a quaternary ammonium halide in a liquid solvent to form a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution. Filtration can be done at low temperatures to reduce the amount of excess bromide in the resulting electrolyte.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a quaternary ammonium halide in a liquid solvent to form a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution. Filtration can be done at low temperatures to reduce the amount of excess bromide in the resulting electrolyte.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a quaternary ammonium halide in a liquid solvent to form a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and spiro-bi-pyrrolidinium bromide in a liquid solvent to form spiro-bi-pyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A method of forming an electrolyte solution involves combining ammonium tetrafluoroborate and a quaternary ammonium halide in a liquid solvent to form a quaternary ammonium tetrafluoroborate and an ammonium halide. The ammonium halide precipitate is removed from the solvent to form an electrolyte solution. The reactants can be added step-wise to the solvent, and the method can include using a stoichiometric excess of the ammonium tetrafluoroborate to form a substantially halide ion-free electrolyte solution. Filtration can be done at low temperatures to reduce the amount of excess bromide in the resulting electrolyte.

Abstract: A process for the chlorination of a paraffin wax is described which includes the steps of contacting the paraffin wax or partially chlorinated paraffin wax with chlorine wherein the improvement is the use of a non-ozone depleting aromatic solvent with a boiling point less than 180.degree. C., preferably less than 160.degree. C. and which is non-reactive to chlorine in a free radical chlorination environment, in contrast to typical C.sub.1 -C.sub.2 aliphatic solvents.

Abstract: A class of hydrolytically stable bis(aralkylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphites is disclosed, which is suitable as an antioxidant additives in polyolefins, particularly, in polypropylene. The diphosphites are of low volatility, have a high thermal decomposition temperature and resist yellowing when blended into a polyolefin base. A preferred diphosphite is bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl)pentaerythritol diphosphite.

Abstract: An improved electrolyte circulation subsystem which reduces and minimizes the effect of parasitic currents in secondary batteries having a plurality of cells connected electrically in series and a common electrolyte in communication with the cells is described. The improved electrolyte circulation subsystem includes means for pumping an electrolyte, and manifold means for conveying electrolyte to a plurality of cells connected electrically in series. The manifold means generally comprises an outer tube formed with an outlet port at each end thereof, and an inner tube concentrically disposed within the outer tube generally along one-half of the outer tube length. The inner tube is in fluid communication with the pumping means at a first end thereof and is in fluid communication with the outer tube at a second end thereof. The inner tube also has means associated with the second end for generally equally diverting the flow of the electrolyte through the inner tube to each of the outlet ports of the outer tube.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to a method of cooling zinc halogen batteries which involves the use of a liquid-overfeed cooling system utilizing a fluorocarbon refrigerant or the like. This new method is adaptable for use in either cooling the battery store water during charge so that a solid halogen hydrate will form, or for use in cooling the battery electrolyte, or both. This direct-cooling, liquid-overfeed system is especially suited for use with a series of batteries as is proposed for use in utility load leveling systems and provides several advantages over other conventional cooling alternatives including an improved coefficient of performance, better heat transfer and temperature control, and reduced capital cost.