Abstract: A method of saccharifying cellulose according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is a method including an adding step of adding water, a raw material containing cellulose, and an enzyme to a saccharification vessel from an addition unit to obtain a mixed solution, a stirring step of stirring the mixed solution to promote a saccharification reaction, and a detecting step of detecting a concentration of the enzyme contained in a liquid of the mixed solution using a detection unit in the stirring step, in which in the detecting step, the raw material containing cellulose is additionally added to the mixed solution from the addition unit after confirmation that the concentration of the enzyme is decreased from the concentration of the enzyme at start of the stirring step and then increased.

Abstract: A cellulose saccharification method includes a sterilization step of feeding, into a saccharification tank, an acidic liquid having a pH of 4.0 or less and a raw material including cellulose, and immersing, at a pH of 4.0 or less, the raw material in the acidic liquid for 30 minutes or longer; a mixing step of feeding water into the saccharification tank to obtain a liquid mixture having a pH of 4.4 or more; and a saccharification step of adding an enzyme to the liquid mixture and causing a saccharification reaction to proceed through stirring.

Abstract: A cellulose saccharification method including an introduction step of introducing water, a raw material containing cellulose, and a surfactant into a saccharification vessel so as to obtain a liquid mixture, an agitation step of agitating the liquid mixture due to rotation of an impeller portion, and a detection step of detecting a torque sensed by the impeller portion, wherein regarding the agitation step, after agitation is performed until an amount of the torque changed in a unit time period becomes less than or equal to a predetermined value, when the torque is more than or equal to a threshold value, the surfactant is additionally introduced into the liquid mixture, or when the torque is less than the threshold value, a pH adjuster and an enzyme are introduced into the liquid mixture.

Abstract: A method for saccharifying cellulose includes introducing a cellulose-containing raw material and a reaction solution into a saccharification tank, introducing an enzyme into the reaction solution in the saccharification tank, disposing an adsorption sheet on the liquid surface of the reaction solution, and decomposing the cellulose with the enzyme by stirring the reaction solution to produce a saccharide. The adsorption sheet adsorbs an oil component released from the raw material to the liquid surface of the reaction solution during the production of the saccharide.

Abstract: A cellulose saccharification method includes: a pulverization step of pulverizing a raw material containing cellulose and filler; a classification step of classifying the raw material in air into the cellulose and the filler; and a saccharification step of introducing the cellulose classified in the classification step and a saccharification reaction liquid which contains an enzyme in a saccharification tank to proceed a saccharification reaction by decomposition of the cellulose using the enzyme.

Abstract: There is provided a piezoelectric device including a pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element, and a diaphragm disposed between the pressure chamber and the piezoelectric element. The diaphragm has a vibration region that overlaps the pressure chamber in plan view. The piezoelectric element overlaps the vibration region in plan view. The diaphragm has a crystal plane {110} of a single crystal silicon base, or a crystal plane of a single crystal silicon base of which a Young's modulus and a Poisson's ratio vary according to a crystal orientation.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes: a piezoelectric body; and a vibrating plate including single crystal silicon having anisotropy having orientation with a relatively high Young's modulus and orientation with a relatively low Young's modulus (hereinafter, referred to as “low Young's modulus orientation”) as a vibrating material, in which the piezoelectric body and the vibrating plate are laminated on each other so that the low Young's modulus orientation is in a direction along a high expansion and contraction direction among a direction where a degree of expansion and contraction caused according to a support structure of the piezoelectric body is relatively high (hereinafter, referred to as “high expansion and contraction direction”) and a direction where a degree thereof is relatively low.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes: a piezoelectric body; and a vibrating plate including single crystal silicon having anisotropy having orientation with a relatively high Poisson's ratio and orientation with a relatively low Poisson's ratio (hereinafter, referred to as “low Poisson's ratio orientation”) as a vibrating material, in which the piezoelectric body and the vibrating plate are laminated on each other so that the low Poisson's ratio orientation is in a direction along a high expansion and contraction direction among a direction where a degree of expansion and contraction caused according to a support structure of the piezoelectric body is relatively high (hereinafter, referred to as “high expansion and contraction direction”) and a direction where a degree thereof is relatively low.

Abstract: There is provided a piezoelectric device including a pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element, and a diaphragm disposed between the pressure chamber and the piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element is disposed on the diaphragm so as to overlap an inner periphery of the pressure chamber in plan view, and has an inner edge on a center side of the pressure chamber with the inner periphery of the pressure chamber being sandwiched within the piezoelectric element in plan view. A shape of the inner edge of the piezoelectric element is such that in the smallest first rectangle, which includes the inner edge in plan view.

Abstract: There is provided a piezoelectric device including a pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element, and a diaphragm disposed between the pressure chamber and the piezoelectric element. The diaphragm has a crystal plane of an anisotropic single crystal silicon base of which a Young's modulus varies according to a direction in the crystal plane. In a vibration region of the diaphragm, which overlaps the pressure chamber in plan view, a first Young's modulus in a first direction, out of Young's modulus in the crystal plane, is higher than a second Young's modulus in the crystal plane in a second direction intersecting the first direction. A width of the piezoelectric element in the first direction is larger than a width of the piezoelectric element in the second direction.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element, in which a piezoelectric body, and a vibrating plate having [111]-oriented single crystal silicon as a vibrating material are laminated is provided. In addition, a manufacturing method of a piezoelectric element including: cutting out a vibrating material to be used in the vibrating plate from a [111]-oriented single crystal silicon wafer; and laminating a piezoelectric body and the vibrating plate is provided.

Abstract: There is provided a piezoelectric device including a pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element, and a diaphragm disposed between the pressure chamber and the piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element is disposed on the diaphragm so as to overlap an inner periphery of the pressure chamber in plan view, and has an inner edge on a center side of the pressure chamber with the inner periphery of the pressure chamber being sandwiched within the piezoelectric element in plan view. A shape of the inner edge of the piezoelectric element is such that in the smallest first rectangle, which includes the inner edge in plan view.

Abstract: There is provided a piezoelectric device including a pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element, and a diaphragm disposed between the pressure chamber and the piezoelectric element. The diaphragm has a crystal plane of an anisotropic single crystal silicon base of which a Poisson's ratio varies according to a direction in the crystal plane. In a vibration region of the diaphragm, which overlaps the pressure chamber in plan view, the Poisson's ratio of the diaphragm in a short axis direction of the smallest rectangle, which includes the vibration region, is included in a range of a minimum value of the Poisson's ratio in the crystal plane inclusive to an average value of the Poisson's ratios in the crystal plane exclusive.

Abstract: There is provided a piezoelectric device including a pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element, and a diaphragm disposed between the pressure chamber and the piezoelectric element. The diaphragm has a crystal plane of an anisotropic single crystal silicon base of which a Young's modulus varies according to a direction in the crystal plane. In a vibration region of the diaphragm, which overlaps the pressure chamber in plan view, a first Young's modulus in a first direction, out of Young's modulus in the crystal plane, is higher than a second Young's modulus in the crystal plane in a second direction intersecting the first direction. A width of the piezoelectric element in the first direction is larger than a width of the piezoelectric element in the second direction.

Abstract: There is provided a piezoelectric device including a pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element, and a diaphragm disposed between the pressure chamber and the piezoelectric element. The diaphragm has a vibration region that overlaps the pressure chamber in plan view. The piezoelectric element overlaps the vibration region in plan view. The diaphragm has a crystal plane {110} of a single crystal silicon base, or a crystal plane of a single crystal silicon base of which a Young's modulus and a Poisson's ratio vary according to a crystal orientation.

Abstract: There is provided a piezoelectric device including a pressure chamber, a piezoelectric element, and a diaphragm disposed between the pressure chamber and the piezoelectric element. The diaphragm has a crystal plane of an anisotropic single crystal silicon base of which a Poisson's ratio varies according to a direction in the crystal plane. In a vibration region of the diaphragm, which overlaps the pressure chamber in plan view, the Poisson's ratio of the diaphragm in a short axis direction of the smallest rectangle, which includes the vibration region, is included in a range of an average value of the Poisson's ratios in the crystal plane exclusive to a maximum value of the Poisson's ratio in the crystal plane inclusive.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element, in which a piezoelectric body, and a vibrating plate having [111]-oriented single crystal silicon as a vibrating material are laminated is provided. In addition, a manufacturing method of a piezoelectric element including: cutting out a vibrating material to be used in the vibrating plate from a [111]-oriented single crystal silicon wafer; and laminating a piezoelectric body and the vibrating plate is provided.

Abstract: A receiving transducer includes: a flexible portion; a piezoelectric film provided on the flexible portion; a first electrode provided between a first surface of the flexible portion, on which the piezoelectric body is provided, and a second surface of the piezoelectric film that is a surface not facing the flexible portion; and a second electrode that is provided between the first and second surfaces and that faces the first electrode with a gap interposed therebetween in plan view as viewed from the thickness direction of the flexible portion.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes: a piezoelectric body; and a vibrating plate including single crystal silicon having anisotropy having orientation with a relatively high Young's modulus and orientation with a relatively low Young's modulus (hereinafter, referred to as “low Young's modulus orientation”) as a vibrating material, in which the piezoelectric body and the vibrating plate are laminated on each other so that the low Young's modulus orientation is in a direction along a high expansion and contraction direction among a direction where a degree of expansion and contraction caused according to a support structure of the piezoelectric body is relatively high (hereinafter, referred to as “high expansion and contraction direction”) and a direction where a degree thereof is relatively low.

Abstract: A piezoelectric element includes: a piezoelectric body; and a vibrating plate including single crystal silicon having anisotropy having orientation with a relatively high Poisson's ratio and orientation with a relatively low Poisson's ratio (hereinafter, referred to as “low Poisson's ratio orientation”) as a vibrating material, in which the piezoelectric body and the vibrating plate are laminated on each other so that the low Poisson's ratio orientation is in a direction along a high expansion and contraction direction among a direction where a degree of expansion and contraction caused according to a support structure of the piezoelectric body is relatively high (hereinafter, referred to as “high expansion and contraction direction”) and a direction where a degree thereof is relatively low.