Abstract: Described herein, are devices and methods that introduce polymeric additives in catalyst layer ink formulations that mitigate catalyst layer cracking and increase electrochemical performance in electrochemical fuel cells, including hydrogen fuel cells.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a device that includes, in order, a metal layer that includes aluminum, a first layer that includes a titanium oxide, a second layer that includes zinc oxide, and an absorber layer that includes indene-C60 bisadduct:poly(3-hexylthiophene) (ICBA:P3HT), where the metal layer has a thickness between one micrometer and 30 ?m, and the metal layer has a roughness greater than 10 nm.