Abstract: A tissue or organ replacement includes a tissue-engineered construct that includes one or more bio ink compositions and a biocompatible support structure. The support structure includes one or more external supports, one or more internal supports, or combinations thereof of a biocompatible material. The composition has a three-dimensional (3D) shape, and the biocompatible material is present in an amount of about 1% to about 100% by weight of the biocompatible support structure.

Abstract: A spine disc replacement composition, biocompatible support structure, and methods of fabricating the spine disc replacement and biocompatible support structure are provided. The spine disc replacement composition includes the biocompatible support structure that includes one or more of an annular ring, a first plate, or second plate of a biocompatible material and a tissue-engineered construct that includes a bio ink, where the annular ring includes an inner surface, an outer surface, a first planar surface, and a second planar surface, and the biocompatible material is present in an amount of about 1% to about 100% by weight of the biocompatible support structure.