Abstract: A plurality of genes modulated by estrogen or other agents, such as hormones or combinations of hormones, in various types of tissue is described. One embodiment of the disclosure relates to a plurality of genes, which demonstrates certain patterns of expression differing qualitatively or quantitatively, with and without exposure to estrogen and/or other hormone compositions. Methods of using these genes in identifying candidate agents that exert at least some of the biological effects of estrogen and/or other hormone, and pharmaceuticals and related therapies also is disclosed. The use of the plurality of genes in methods of monitoring, in gene chips and in kits also is disclosed.