Abstract: An apparatus including a source of electromagnetic radiation comprising one or more first frequencies; a source of an input signal comprising an alternating (AC) electric field comprising one or more second frequencies; a control circuit synchronizing application of the electromagnetic radiation and the AC electric field applied to a sample, so that an output signal comprising a modulation of the AC electric field is outputted from the sample in response to (1) the one or more second frequencies tuned to drive hopping of ions between ion sites in the sample, and the one or more first frequencies tuned to drive excitations in the sample that interact with the ions. The apparatus further includes a detection system measuring and/or detecting a change in the output signal in response to the electromagnetic radiation; and a computer determining at least one of a conductivity or impedance of the sample from the output signal and as a function of the first frequencies and the second frequencies.

Abstract: A device including a continuous (CW) wave source of pairs of entangled photons, each pair comprising a first photon entangled with a second photon; a pair of channels comprising a first channel terminated by a first detector configured to detect the first photon and a second channel terminated by a second detector configured to detect a output photon emitted by an excited state of matter excited by the second photon in the second channel; a splitter for splitting the pairs of entangled photons into the channels, so that the first photon comprising a reference photon is transmitted to the first channel and the second photon is transmitted to the second channel; and a timing circuit coupled to the detectors operable to measure a time delay between arrival times measured at the detectors of the output photon and the first photon entangled with the second photon used to generate the output photon (e.g., fluorescence photon).

Abstract: A coherent, entangled photon source which uses a continuous wave laser to replace pulsed photon excitation sources in multiphoton nonlinear processes. In various embodiments, the device comprises a continuous wave photon laser creating electromagnetic radiation at a specific frequency and narrow linewidth. The emitted beam may be conditioned by an optical fiber to allow for efficient interaction with a nonlinear crystal. The nonlinear material is designed and fabricated in a specific manner, enabling the quantum mechanical process of a single photon with well-defined energy being converted into two or more photons which display quantum correlations. The nonlinear material and subsequent fiber-optic or free space components control the temporal, spatial, and polarization-related quantum correlations such that the entangled photons can create a signal in multi photon nonlinear processes that is the same or exceeds that of a pulsed photon source but at the average and peak powers of a continuous wave laser.

Abstract: A coherent, entangled photon source which uses a continuous wave laser to replace pulsed photon excitation sources in multiphoton nonlinear processes. In various embodiments, the device comprises a continuous wave photon laser creating electromagnetic radiation at a specific frequency and narrow linewidth. The emitted beam may be conditioned by an optical fiber to allow for efficient interaction with a nonlinear crystal. The nonlinear material is designed and fabricated in a specific manner, enabling the quantum mechanical process of a single photon with well-defined energy being converted into two or more photons which display quantum correlations. The nonlinear material and subsequent fiber-optic or free space components control the temporal, spatial, and polarization-related quantum correlations such that the entangled photons can create a signal in multiphoton nonlinear processes that is the same or exceeds that of a pulsed photon source but at the average and peak powers of a continuous wave laser.

Abstract: A coherent, entangled photon source which uses a continuous wave laser to replace pulsed photon excitation sources in multiphoton nonlinear processes. In various embodiments, the device comprises a continuous wave photon laser creating electromagnetic radiation at a specific frequency and narrow linewidth. The emitted beam may be conditioned by an optical fiber to allow for efficient interaction with a nonlinear crystal. The nonlinear material is designed and fabricated in a specific manner, enabling the quantum mechanical process of a single photon with well-defined energy being converted into two or more photons which display quantum correlations. The nonlinear material and subsequent fiber-optic or free space components control the temporal, spatial, and polarization-related quantum correlations such that the entangled photons can create a signal in multiphoton nonlinear processes that is the same or exceeds that of a pulsed photon source but at the average and peak powers of a continuous wave laser.