Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for modulating an immune response in a vertebrate subject. Compositions and methods can comprise administering a modified host defense peptide to the vertebrate subject in an amount effective to activate the immune response in the vertebrate subject, wherein the modified host defense peptide is inverted in amino acid sequence from an amino terminus to a carboxy terminus or modified to one or more D-amino acids, or both modifications, when compared to a host defense peptide. Compositions and methods are provided which comprise administering a modified host defense peptide to the vertebrate subject in an amount effective to modify an immune response in the vertebrate subject.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for modulating an immune response in a vertebrate subject. Compositions and methods can comprise administering a modified host defense peptide to the vertebrate subject in an amount effective to activate the immune response in the vertebrate subject, wherein the modified host defense peptide is inverted in amino acid sequence from an amino terminus to a carboxy terminus or modified to one or more D-amino acids, or both modifications, when compared to a host defense peptide. Compositions and methods are provided which comprise administering a modified host defense peptide to the vertebrate subject in an amount effective to modify an immune response in the vertebrate subject.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for modulating an immune response in a vertebrate subject. Compositions and methods can comprise administering a modified host defense peptide to the vertebrate subject in an amount effective to activate the immune response in the vertebrate subject, wherein the modified host defense peptide is inverted in amino acid sequence from an amino terminus to a carboxy terminus or modified to one or more D-amino acids, or both modifications, when compared to a host defense peptide. Compositions and methods are provided which comprise administering a modified host defense peptide to the vertebrate subject in an amount effective to modify an immune response in the vertebrate subject.

Abstract: Compositions and methods are provided for modulating an immune response in a vertebrate subject. Compositions and methods can comprise administering a modified host defense peptide to the vertebrate subject in an amount effective to activate the immune response in the vertebrate subject, wherein the modified host defense peptide is inverted in amino acid sequence from an amino terminus to a carboxy terminus or modified to one or more D-amino acids, or both modifications, when compared to a host defense peptide. Compositions and methods are provided which comprise administering a modified host defense peptide to the vertebrate subject in an amount effective to modify an immune response in the vertebrate subject.