Abstract: Methods for quantum key distribution are disclosed including forming a quantum production key package with a production file name; forming a first quantum sacrificial key package with a first sacrificial file name associated with a portion of the first production file name; sending the quantum sacrificial key package to a sacrificial key server; and sending the quantum production key package to computer devices to set up a quantum key encryption tunnel between the computer devices. The quantum production key packages are received by computer devices that send the production file name to the sacrificial key server to receive the sacrificial return key. The sacrificial return key is used to decrypt the quantum production key package with the quantum production keys. A first quantum production key is retrieved to encrypt and decrypt data at each computer device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat transfer. In some embodiments, a heat transfer apparatus includes a body defining an inner volume; an inlet coupled to a vapor source; a coolant channel extending through the heat transfer apparatus; a condensing surface on which a vapor condenses, wherein the condensing surface is configured to cause the vapor to form as one or more drops on the condensing surface; and an actuator configured to excite the one or more drops at a resonant frequency of the one or more drops to remove the one or more drops from the condensing surface.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for heat transfer. In some embodiments, a heat transfer apparatus includes a body defining an inner volume; an inlet coupled to a vapor source; a coolant channel extending through the heat transfer apparatus; a condensing surface on which a vapor condenses, wherein the condensing surface is configured to cause the vapor to form as one or more drops on the condensing surface; and an actuator configured to excite the one or more drops at a resonant frequency of the one or more drops to remove the one or more drops from the condensing surface.

Abstract: A method for fabrication of capacitive environment sensors is provided in which the sensor elements are integrated in a CMOS structure with electronics through the use of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication methods. Also provided are environment sensors fabricated, for example, by the method, and a measurement system using the environment sensors fabricated by the method. The described method includes etching away one of the metal layers in a CMOS chip to create a cavity. This cavity is then filled with an environment-sensitive dielectric material to form a sensing capacitor between plates formed by the metal adhesion layers or an array of contacts from other metal layers of the CMOS structure. This approach provides improved sensing capabilities in a system that is easily manufactured.

Abstract: A method for fabrication of capacitive environment sensors is provided in which the sensor elements are integrated in a CMOS structure with electronics through the use of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication methods. Also provided are environment sensors fabricated, for example, by the method, and a measurement system using the environment sensors fabricated by the method. The described method includes etching away one of the metal layers in a CMOS chip to create a cavity. This cavity is then filled with an environment-sensitive dielectric material to form a sensing capacitor between plates formed by the metal adhesion layers or an array of contacts from other metal layers of the CMOS structure. This approach provides improved sensing capabilities in a system that is easily manufactured.

Abstract: Sensor devices and sensing methods are provided. A sensor device is provided two flow channels, each comprising a sensor, and analyte flow is alternated between the two channels such that the sensors alternately serve as a sensor and a reference, thereby increasing accuracy of the sensors. The device is useful, for example, in chemical sensing using a variety of sensor types including without limitation: chemiresistors, gravimetric sensors, optical sensors, among others. Related sensing methods also are provided.

Abstract: Sensor devices and sensing methods are provided. A sensor device is provided two flow channels, each comprising a sensor, and analyte flow is alternated between the two channels such that the sensors alternately serve as a sensor and a reference, thereby increasing accuracy of the sensors. The device is useful, for example, in chemical sensing using a variety of sensor types including without limitation: chemiresistors, gravimetric sensors, optical sensors, among others. Related sensing methods also are provided.