Abstract: Methods, devices, and systems for improving the quality of electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI-MS) data are described, as are methods, devices, and systems for achieving improved correlation between chemical separation data and mass spectrometry data.

Abstract: Devices and methods for characterization of samples are provided. Samples may comprise one or more analytes. Some methods described herein include performing enrichment steps on a device. Some methods described herein include performing mobilization of analytes. Analytes may then be further processed and characterized.

Abstract: Sorbents for removal of mercury and other pollutants from gas streams, such as a flue gas stream from coal-fired utility plants, and methods for their manufacture and use are disclosed. The methods include mixing fly ash particles with a sulfide salt and a metal salt to form a metal sulfide on the outer surface of the fly ash particles.

Abstract: A method, apparatus, system, and signal-bearing medium that in an embodiment apply a latch behavior to a first and second netlist, where the latch behavior exhibits transparent behavior. Flush enabling conditions are applied to the first netlist and a second netlist. For each latch in a first scan chain in the first netlist, a corresponding latch in the second netlist is found. Cones of logic are then extracted from the latches under the constraints enabling the flush operation, and the cones of logic are compared for functional equivalence. If all the cones are functionally equivalent, then the flush reset states of the netlists are functionally equivalent. If at least one of the cones is not functionally equivalent, then the flush reset states of the two netlists are not equivalent.