Abstract: A composite papermaking fabric having an upper support fabric including upper warp and weft yarns and a lower contact fabric including lower warp and weft yarns. The upper fabric is woven in a first weave pattern which forms a support surface and the lower fabric is woven in a broken twill weave pattern which forms the contact surface. The composite fabric includes paired binder yarns which weave in alternating sequences with the upper and lower fabrics binding them together. The broken twill weave pattern provides plural floats of cross-machine direction yarns passing outwardly of a plurality of adjacent lower warp yarns forming a plurality of adjacent cross-machine direction floats. Certain of the paired floats comprise a lower weft yarn and a binder yarn while others may comprise two lower weft yarns. The lower weft yarn floats are positioned to shield and protect the binder yarn floats along their entire length.

Abstract: A papermaker's fabric, usable in the forming section of a paper machine, having two layers of cross-machine-direction (CD) yarns. Interwoven with the CD yarns is a system of MD yarns. The MD yarns are grouped into alternating pairs comprising a crossing pair having a first MD yarn and a second MD yarn and a second pair having a third MD yarn and a fourth MD yarn. The first MD yarn and the second MD yarn combine to weave each CD yarn in the first layer and cross between the first layer and the second layer. The left and right warp yarns in the pairs are aligned in such a way that like adjacent yarns from adjacent pairs have MD cell lengths equal to or less than the MD cell lengths from non-like adjacent yarns from adjacent pairs. The third MD yarn is interwoven with the first layer of CD yarns and the fourth MD yarn is interwoven with the second layer of CD yarns. In this manner, a paired warped triple layer forming fabric may be produced which minimizes drainage and crossover point topographical markings.

Abstract: A papermaker's fabric, usable in the forming section of a paper machine, having two layers of cross-machine-direction (CD) yarns. Interwoven with the CD yarns is a system of MD yarns. The MD yarns are grouped into alternating pairs comprising a crossing pair having a first MD yarn and a second MD yarn and a second pair having a third MD yarn and a fourth MD yarn. The first MD yarn and the second MD yarn combine to weave each CD yarn in the first layer and cross between the first layer and the second layer. The left and right warp yarns in the pairs are aligned in such a way that like adjacent yarns from adjacent pairs have MD cell lengths equal to or less than the MD cell lengths from non-like adjacent yarns from adjacent pairs. The third MD yarn is interwoven with the first layer of CD yarns and the fourth MD yarn is interwoven with the second layer of CD yarns.

Abstract: A papermaker's fabric, usable in the forming section of a paper machine, having two layers of cross-machine-direction (CD) yarns. Interwoven with the CD yarns is a system of MD yarns. The MD yarns are grouped into alternating pairs comprising a crossing pair having a first MD yarn and a second MD yarn and a second pair having a third MD yarn and a fourth MD yarn. The first MD yarn and the second MD yarn combine to weave each CD yarn in the first layer and cross between the first layer and the second layer. The left and right warp yarns in the pairs are aligned in such a way that like adjacent yarns from adjacent pairs have MD cell lengths equal to or less than the MD cell lengths from non-like adjacent yarns from adjacent pairs. The third MD yarn is interwoven with the first layer of CD yarns and the fourth MD yarn is interwoven with the second layer of CD yarns. In this manner, a paired warped triple layer forming fabric may be produced which minimizes drainage and crossover point topographical markings.

Abstract: A seamed endless papermaking fabric for use with papermaking machines. The fabric includes a plurality of CMD (cross machine direction) yarns intermeshing with a plurality MD (machine direction yarns) in a selected intermeshing pattern forming a contact surface and a support surface. The MD yarns, which are arranged to extend beyond the endmost of the CMD yarns at the opposed first and second ends of the fabric, form a plurality of spaced seaming loops across the fabric. These loops are adapted to interleaf and receive a pintle which forms the seam forming the fabric endless. A first pair of additional yarns are intermeshed in a first intermeshing pattern repeat with the MD yarns outwardly of the endmost of the CMD yarns at one of the opposed ends and a second pair of additional yarns are intermeshed in a second intermeshing pattern repeat with the MD yarns outwardly of the endmost of the CMD yarns at the other of the opposed ends.

Abstract: A wear resistant dual layer papermaking fabric, of stable construction, having a fiber support surface and a machine contact surface. The fabric comprises first picks of weft yarn are woven with warp yarns to form weft yarn floats of equal length arranged in a twill pattern diagonally over the support surface. Second picks of weft yarn are woven with the warp yarns to form weft yarns floats of equal length arranged in a twill pattern diagonally across the contact surface. The weave pattern provides that the warp yarns inter-engage with the first and second picks in a balanced weave pat parallel and stable.

Abstract: A wear resistant dual layer papermaking fabric, of stable construction, having a fiber support surface and a machine contact surface. The fabric comprises first picks of weft yarn woven with warp yarns to form weft yarn floats of equal length arranged diagonally over the support surface in a twill pattern. Second picks of weft yarn are woven with the warp yarns to form weft yarns floats of equal length arranged diagonally across the contact surface in a twill pattern. The weave pattern provides that the warp yarns inter-engage with the first and second picks in a balanced weave pattern which maintains the floats parallel.

Abstract: An endless dryer fabric having a paper fiber support surface and a machine contact surface arranged about drying drums within a drying machine. The support surface is adopted to allow air to pass there through while carrying paper forming fibers through the drying machine during drying. The fabric consists of a plurality of elliptically shaped coil monofilaments arranged side by side in intermeshing relationship with elongated pintles extending through the intermeshed portions of the coils forming the fabric continuous. An elongated stuffer filament having a cross-section selected from a rhomboid parallelogram, a rhombus parallelogram and a pointed ellipse is positioned to extend diagonally through central portions of each of said coils leaving diagonally opposed equal sized open areas within each coil.

Abstract: A multi-layer papermaking fabric for use in a papermaking machine. The multi-layer fabric includes an upper fabric layer having a paper fiber support surface which is formed of first warp yarns interlaced with first weft yarns with at least one of these being knit yarns. Also, the lower fabric layer is formed of second warp yarns interlaced with second weft yarns. The construction of the knit yarns forms a series of loops which extend longitudinally and transversely of their longitudinal axis. These loops form the support surface with increased cover and provide for more uniform drainage of the paper forming fibers.

Abstract: A wet-laid paper having an outer surface configured to be pleasing to the eye and further having improved bulk, softness, and width wise stretch ratio without loss of tensile strength. The paper is characterized spaced diagonally arranged continuous zones or rows of compressed fibers extending across the width of the paper. These compressed zones or rows are separated with diagonally arranged arrays of uncompressed pillow like zones of uncompressed fibers which are at least partially encircled with picket like lineaments of compressed fibers. The invention includes the process of making the paper.

Abstract: A dryer fabric for use with drying drums in a dryer section of a paper forming machine wherein a plurality of transversely extending filament yarns interconnect a plurality of transversely extending filament yarns to form the dryer fabric as a continuous loop. The dryer fabric is formed with a plurality of silicone strips along its edge portions to prevent wear due to abrasion and heat, the silicone rubber encapsulates end portions and edge ones of the yarns forming beads along the outer surfaces of the dryer fabric which separate the yarns from direct contact with the drums. The dryer fabric is capable of operating at temperatures of between 350.degree. to 500.degree. F. in a paper forming machine without accelerated degradation.

Abstract: An imprinting through air multi-layer drying fabric for use with a papermaking machine comprising a plurality of MD (machine direction) yarns forming a continuous loop and a plurality of CMD (cross machine direction yarns) interlacing with said MD yarns and extending in the width direction. The fabric is formed to have a support surface and a machine surface with the machine surface comprising a plurality of load bearing MD yarns arranged side-by-side across the width of the fabric, and interlaced in a first pattern with the CMD yarns to provide an even knuckle distribution over the first layer. The support surface is formed of second plurality of non-load bearing MD yarns arranged side-by-side interlaced with the CMD yarns in s second pattern producing raised MD yarn floats arranged in a staggered arrangement in the MD direction to produce a desired pattern.

Abstract: A thin dual layer papermaking fabric having an upper layer of weft yarns and a lower layer of weft yarns weaving with a single layer of warp yarns. The upper weft yarns and warp yarns form a paper fiber support surface while the lower weft yarns and the warp yarns form a machine contact surface. The support surface is comprised of a plurality of equal length weft yarn floats arranged in a zig-zag pattern along the length of the fabric and no warp yarn floats. This construction provides a smooth substantially monoplane support surface.

Abstract: A wear resistant dual layer papermaking fabric having an upper paper fiber support surface and a lower machine contact surface. The support surface comprises a first plurality of weft yarns interwoven with warp yarns in a balanced twill weave pattern. The machine surface comprises a second plurality of weft yarns interwoven with the warp yarns in a second balanced twill weave pattern. The machine surface includes weft floats which pass beneath at least twelve consecutive of the warp yarns and are bound at opposite ends by binding points in which the weft yarn passes above at least two and below one consecutive of the warp yarns throughout the weave pattern. The weave pattern produces a weft yarn dominated paper support surface having a balanced twill weave pattern of weft floats which provide uniform drainage and minimal paper marking and a weft yarn dominated machine contact surface having a different balanced twill weave pattern of extended weft yarn floats which provides extended wear resistance.

Abstract: A woven fabric for use in papermaking machines and particularly with through air drying machines. The fabric comprises a paper support surface having spaced diagonal rows pockets which are effective to create diagonal rows of uncompressed paper forming fibers over the surface of paper formed on the papermaking machine. The rows of pockets are separated by diagonal strips of support surface arranged along substantially a single plane. The diagonal strips provide support areas over the width of the paper forming fibers which firmly secure the fiber sheet with the papermaking fabric during paper forming. The strips also produce diagonal rows of compressed paper forming fibers which provide for a more stable paper product.

Abstract: A woven fabric for use on papermaking machines having first and second sets of filaments interwoven with each other to provide a first grouping of coplanar top surface crossovers and a second grouping of recessed sub top surface crossovers. The first grouping of top surface crossovers are in spaced relation to define a plurality of at least first and second cavities. The first ones of the cavities are arranged along substantially parallel lines in the cross machine direction and the machine direction. The second ones of the cavities are spaced from the first ones of the cavities and are arranged along substantially parallel lines which extend in both the cross machine direction and the machine direction. Individual ones of the first cavities are arranged adjacent of and are interconnected with individual ones of the second cavities. The interconnected first and second cavities form cavity pairs.

Abstract: A papermaking fabric woven to have a support surface which is defined by co-planar support surface crossovers of filaments in both the machine direction and cross machine direction and also to have sub-top surface crossovers of filaments which are distributed in a predetermined pattern throughout the support surface of the fabric. The specific weave pattern along with the use of different sized and specifically arranged yarns create staggered arrays of continuous trough like cavities and arrays of sequentially arranged individual cavities or pockets. The arrays of troughs and pockets extend diagonally of the fabric in alternating fashion across its width. The fabric is particularly useful for producing soft absorbent paper having low density, good strength, and reduced rigidity.

Abstract: A material sample representative of a subsurface formation is tested for its dynamic interaction with a coring fluid. The material sample is subjected to a pressurized and agitating coring fluid to simulate a coring operation. Thereafter the material sample is x-ray scanned to identify the extent of coring fluid invasion during the dynamic interaction of the material sample and the coring fluid.

Abstract: A dynamic filtration unit for drilling and completion fluids employs an adjustable size annulus, high filtration pressures and temperatures, automatic filtration collection and measurement, and natural or artificial filters.

Abstract: Temperature control apparatus for a system for testing drilling mud includes instrumentation for measuring the parameters of the drilling mud, and a pump for pumping the drilling mud in a recirculating path through the instrumentation. A mud heater in the recirculating path heats the mud and a heat exchanger connected in the front of the heater in the recirculating path cools the mud before it is heated. The heater and the heat exchanger are controlled to maintain a constant differential across the heater. The heater is constructed in a manner which provides low thermal mass, thereby providing a fast response time for changes in temperature.