Abstract: Surface imaging apparatuses, surface analysis apparatuses, methods based on detection of secondary electrons or secondary ions that include a spatially scanned and DC or pulsed primary excitation source resulting in secondary electrons or secondary ions which are detected and provide the modulated signal for imaging of the sample; and dual polarity flood beams to effect neutralization of surface charge and surface potential variation.

Abstract: Surface imaging apparatuses, surface analysis apparatuses, methods based on detection of secondary electrons or secondary ions that include a spatially scanned and DC or pulsed primary excitation source resulting in secondary electrons or secondary ions which are detected and provide the modulated signal for imaging of the sample; and dual polarity flood beams to effect neutralization of surface charge and surface potential variation.

Abstract: A deformable grip (10) for handheld implements such as writing pen (20) and other handheld equipment such as shaving instruments, medical instruments, sporting equipment, and similar articles, which is capable of being deformed in conformance with the user's s hands and fingers. The present grip (10) includes an elastomeric sleeve (40) filled with a magnetorheological (MR) fluid (60) and a magnetic field generator that acts upon such fluid to adjust grip deformability. In a preferred form of the invention, the implement body (32) or other equipment handle is configured to include a recessed cavity (35) wherein the (MR) fluid-filled sleeve (40) resides. A permanent magnet assembly (34) is disposed within the tubular sleeve (40) such that in an on-state of the present grip (10), the magnetic flux field extends radially to pass through the (MR) fluid (60) to instantaneously solidify it in a relatively nondeformable set condition in conformance with the user's anatomical contours.