Abstract: Disclosed herein are membranes comprising: porous substrate; and two or more graphene oxide (GO) sheets disposed on the porous substrate, each GO layer comprising a plurality of GO flakes, each GO flake comprising a planar graphene structure with oxygen moieties extending therefrom, wherein the membrane, when a pressure from 10 bar to 50 bar of transmembrane pressure is applied from 1 hour to 48 hours, has an aqueous flux wherein the aqueous flux changes by 5% or less while the pressure is applied. The membranes can also include an intercalating agent disposed between the two or more GO sheets, the intercalating agent interacting with each GO sheet, wherein the intercalating agent provides a non-covalent stabilization of the two or more GO sheets. Also disclosed herein are methods of making and using the same and systems for implementing the same.

Abstract: The disclosed technology includes a membrane-based device configured to concentrate black liquor, which results from papermaking. Certain embodiments may comprise a nanofiltration membrane configured to remove lignin from black liquor, and the nanofiltration membrane may include a first macroporous polymer substrate and a first graphene oxide membrane covering the first macroporous polymer substrate. Some embodiments may comprise a reverse osmosis membrane, which may include a second macroporous polymer substrate and a second graphene oxide membrane covering the second macroporous polymer substrate.

Abstract: The disclosed technology includes a membrane-based device configured to concentrate black liquor, which results from papermaking. Certain embodiments may comprise a nanofiltration membrane configured to remove lignin from black liquor, and the nanofiltration membrane may include a first macroporous polymer substrate and a first graphene oxide membrane covering the first macroporous polymer substrate. Some embodiments may comprise a reverse osmosis membrane, which may include a second macroporous polymer substrate and a second graphene oxide membrane covering the second macroporous polymer substrate.

Abstract: The disclosed technology includes a membrane-based device configured to concentrate black liquor, which results from papermaking. Certain embodiments may comprise a nanofiltration membrane configured to remove lignin from black liquor, and the nanofiltration membrane may include a first macroporous polymer substrate and a first graphene oxide membrane covering the first macroporous polymer substrate. Some embodiments may comprise a reverse osmosis membrane, which may include a second macroporous polymer substrate and a second graphene oxide membrane covering the second macroporous polymer substrate.