Abstract: Methods of producing a total product are described. A method includes continuously contacting a feed with a hydrogen source in the presence of one or more inorganic salt catalysts and steam to produce a total product, wherein the feed has at least 0.02 grams of sulfur, per gram of feed; and producing a total product that includes coke and the crude product. The crude product has a sulfur content of at most 90% of the sulfur content of the feed.

Abstract: A catalyst that one or more metals from Columns 6-10 of the Periodic Table and/or one or more compounds of one or more metals from Columns 6-10 of the Periodic Table is described. The catalyst exhibits one or more bands in a range from 800 cm?1 to 900 cm?1, as determined by Raman Spectroscopy. Methods of contacting a crude feed with hydrogen with the catalyst to produce a crude product having selected properties are also described.

Abstract: A catalyst that one or more metals from Column 5 of the Periodic Table and/or one or more compounds of one or more metals from Column 5 of the Periodic Table is described. The catalyst exhibits one or more bands in a range from 650 cm?1 to 1000 cm?1, as determined by Raman Spectroscopy. Methods of contacting a crude feed with hydrogen with the catalyst to produce a crude product with minimal hydrogen uptake are also described.

Abstract: Contacting a crude feed with one or more catalysts to produce a total product that includes the crude product is described. The crude feed has a TAN of at least 1. At least one of the catalysts includes one or more metals from Columns 6-10 of the Periodic Table and/or one or more compounds of one or more metals from Columns 6-10 of the Periodic Table. Contacting conditions are controlled contacting such that the crude product has a TAN from about 0.001 to about 0.5.

Abstract: Methods of producing a total product are described. A method includes continuously contacting a feed with a hydrogen source in the presence of one or more inorganic salt catalysts and steam to produce a total product, wherein the feed has at least 0.02 grams of sulfur, per gram of feed; and producing a total product that includes coke and the crude product. The crude product has a sulfur content of at most 90% of the sulfur content of the feed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new and improved process and apparatus for the production of high purity hydrogen by steam reforming. The apparatus is an integrated flameless distributed combustion-membrane steam reforming (FDC-MSR) or reactor for steam reforming of a vaporizable hydrocarbon to produce H2 and CO2, with minimal CO, and minimal CO in the H2 stream. The flameless distributed combustion drives the steam reforming reaction which pro-vides great improvements in heat exchange efficiency and load following capabilities. The reactor may contain multiple flameless distributed combustion chambers and multiple hydrogen-selective, hydrogen-permeable, membrane tubes. The feed and reaction gases may flow through the reactor either radially or axially. A further embodiment of the invention involves producing high purity hydrogen by dehydrogenation using an integrated FDC-membrane de-hydrogenation reactor.

Abstract: A oil shale formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. A mixture of hydrocarbons, H2, and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. Heat may be applied to the formation to raise a temperature of a portion of the formation to a pyrolysis temperature. Heat sources may be used to heat the formation. The heat sources may be positioned within the formation in a selected pattern.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that include a crude product. The crude feed has a total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal, in metal salts of organic acids of at least 0.00001 grams per gram of crude feed. At least one of the catalysts includes vanadium. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa and has a total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal, in metal salts of organic acids of at most 90% of the total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal, in metal salts of organic acids of the crude feed. One or more other properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed that has a viscosity of at least 10 cSt at 37.8° C. (100° F.) and an API gravity of at least 10 with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. The crude product has a viscosity of at most 90% of the viscosity of the crude feed and an API gravity of about 70% to about 130% of the API gravity of the crude feed. In some instances, one or more other properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude feed has a total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal, in metal salts of organic acids of at least 0.00001 grams per gram of crude feed. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. Contacting conditions are controlled such that the liquid hourly space velocity in a contacting zone is over 10 h?1 and the crude product has a total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal, in metal salts of organic acids of at most 90% of the total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal, in metal salts of organic acids of the crude feed. One or more other properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude feed has a residue content of at least 0.2 grams of residue per gram of crude feed. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed. The crude product may include at least one of the catalysts.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C and 0.101 MPa. The one or more catalyst may include an uncalcined catalyst. One or more other properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Systems and method for contacting a crude feed that has a total acid number of at least 0.1 with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product are described. At least one of the catalysts includes vanadium. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa, and the crude product has a TAN of at most 90% of the TAN of the crude feed. One or more other properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude feed has a total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal in metal salts of organic acids of at lest 0.00001 grams per gram of crude feed. At least one of the catalysts has a pore size distribution of at least 230 ?. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. The crude product has a total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal in metal salts of organic acids of at most 90% of the total content of alkali metal, and alkaline-earth metal in metal salts of organic acids of the crude feed. One or more other properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. Contacting conditions are controlled such that the crude feed, during contact, uptakes hydrogen at a selected rate to inhibit phase separation of the crude feed during contact. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed. The one or more catalysts may include at least one catalyst having a median pore diameter of at least 230 ?. Methods for producing the catalyst having the median pore size diameter are described.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude feed has a residue content of at least 0.2 grams of residue per gram of crude feed. Methods of preparing the one or more catalysts are described. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective pr.operties of the crude feed. The crude product may include hydrocarbons with different boiling point distributions.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with a hydrogen source in the presence of an inorganic salt catalyst produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude feed has a residue content of at least 0.2 grams of residue per gram of crude feed. The inorganic salt catalyst may include one or more alkali metals. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25 ° C and 0.101 MPa. The one or more catalysts may include a catalyst having a median pore diameter in a range from about 90 ? to about 180 ?. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. Contacting conditions are controlled such that a liquid space velocity of a contacting zone is at least 10 h?1. One or more properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.