Abstract: A method of manufacturing an optical structure may include providing a base structure that includes a substrate having an optical element extending from a first side of the substrate and dispensing liquid photoresist onto the base structure. The method may further include forming a layer of said liquid photoresist where the height of said layer is controlled by lowering the tool to a height above said substrate, and forming a spacer from the liquid photoresist by exposing a portion of the liquid photoresist to ultraviolet light. The spacer may include a central aperture above the optical element.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a plurality of optical elements (140) comprising the steps of providing a substrate (120), and a tool (101) comprising a plurality of replication sections (106), each defining a surface structure of one of the optical elements (140), the tool (101) further comprising at least one contact spacer portion (112), aligning the tool (101) and the substrate (120) with respect to each other and bringing the tool (101) and a first side of the substrate (122) together, with replication material (124) between the tool (101) and the substrate (120), the contact spacer portion (112) contacting the first side of the substrate (122), and thereby causing the spacer portion (112) to adhere to the first side of the substrate (122), hardening the replication material (124), wherein the substrate (120) has yard line features (138) around at least a portion of the replication sections (106), the yard line features (138) containing the replication material (124) on a first side of the yard line with respe