Abstract: A method for producing electromagnetic radiation comprising: firing a first laser pulse and generating a plasma region, the first laser pulse penetrating at least partially into the plasma region to create a plasma density wake in the plasma region; providing a group of charged particles in the plasma region arranged so as to be accelerated in the plasma density wake of the first laser pulse; reflecting the first laser pulse after the first laser pulse has penetrated into the plasma region, to give a reflected laser pulse; and arranging the reflected laser pulse to interact with the group of charged particles to generate an electromagnetic radiation.

Abstract: A spectrometer (100) for analyzing the spectrum of an upstream light beam (1), includes an entrance slit (101) and collimating elements (110) suitable for generating, from the upstream light beam, a collimated light beam (10), characterized in that it also includes: a polarization-dependent diffraction grating (120) suitable for diffracting, at each wavelength (11, 12) of the spectrum of the upstream light beam, the collimated light beam into a first diffracted light beam (11, 12) and a second diffracted light beam (21, 22); optical recombining elements (130) including a planar optical reflecting surface (130) perpendicular to the grating and suitable for deviating at least the second diffracted light beam; and focussing elements (140) suitable for focussing, at each wavelength, the first diffracted light beam and the second diffracted light beam onto one and the same focussing area (141).

Abstract: A spectrometer (100) for analyzing the spectrum of an upstream light beam (1), includes an entrance slit (101) and collimating elements (110) suitable for generating, from the upstream light beam, a collimated light beam (10), characterized in that it also includes: a polarization-dependent diffraction grating (120) suitable for diffracting, at each wavelength (11, 12) of the spectrum of the upstream light beam, the collimated light beam into a first diffracted light beam (11, 12) and a second diffracted light beam (21, 22); optical recombining elements (130) including a planar optical reflecting surface (130) perpendicular to the grating and suitable for deviating at least the second diffracted light beam; and focussing elements (140) suitable for focussing, at each wavelength, the first diffracted light beam and the second diffracted light beam onto one and the same focussing area (141).

Abstract: A method for producing electromagnetic radiation comprising: firing a first laser pulse and generating a plasma region, the first laser pulse penetrating at least partially into the plasma region to create a plasma density wake in the plasma region; providing a group of charged particles in the plasma region arranged so as to be accelerated in the plasma density wake of the first laser pulse; reflecting the first laser pulse after the first laser pulse has penetrated into the plasma region, to give a reflected laser pulse; and arranging the reflected laser pulse to interact with the group of charged particles to generate an electromagnetic radiation.