Abstract: A method for diagnosing the operating state of an electrochemical system in real-time comprising a stack of cells, said method comprising steps for performing voltage measurements of said cells. Said method further comprises: real-time processing of the voltage measurements (61) thus performed, in order to extract specific waveforms (40) therefrom, converting said specific waveforms in order to generate specific points (65) therefrom of the real-time operation of the electrochemical system, and comparing these specific points of the real-time operation and specific points (75) of an off-line operation of the electrochemical system that originate from a conversion of specific waveforms (74) extracted from voltage measurements (78) performed off-line, while the electrochemical system is placed in known operating states including fault states, so as to produce information (69) relating to the real-time operating state of the electrochemical system.

Abstract: A card reader receives an indication that a device has been plugged into a socket of the card reader. Power is provided to the socket in accordance with a first type of device. An attempt to communicate with the device is made in accordance with a first type of device protocol. If the communication attempt is not successful, power is provided to the socket in accordance with a second type of device, and communications commence with the device in accordance with a second type of device protocol.

Abstract: The invention concerns a microelectronic circuit for activation or respectively deactivating at least one second input/output (2, 3), or second “buffer”, which receives a deactivation command (21, 31) corresponding to a combination of a general activation, or respectively deactivation, command (StopPadB) and of an information item representing the activated, or respectively deactivated, state (12, 22) of at least a first buffer, so that the said second buffer(s) is/are only activated, or respectively deactivated, when the said first buffer(s) is/are already activated, or respectively deactivated, to keep to a predetermined sequence of activation, or respectively deactivation, of the said buffers (1, 2, 3).

Abstract: The invention concerns a microelectronic circuit for activation or respectively deactivating at least one second input/output (2, 3), or second “buffer”, which receives a deactivation command (21, 31) corresponding to a combination of a general activation, or respectively deactivation, command (StopPadB) and of an information item representing the activated, or respectively deactivated, state (12, 22) of at least a first buffer, so that the said second buffer(s) is/are only activated, or respectively deactivated, when the said first buffer(s) is/are already activated, or respectively deactivated, to keep to a predetermined sequence of activation, or respectively deactivation, of the said buffers (1, 2, 3).