Abstract: A material for use in interacting with a flow is provided. The material comprises an interface surface adapted to move in response to a pressure associated with at least one wave in a flow exerted on the interface surface; and a subsurface feature extending from the interface surface, the subsurface feature comprising a phononic crystal or locally resonant metamaterial adapted to receive the at least one wave having the at least one frequency based upon the pressure from the flow via the interface surface and alter a phase of the at least one wave. The subsurface material comprises a lattice-structured material comprising a plurality of structural elements and a plurality of voids, and the interface surface is adapted to vibrate at a frequency, phase, and amplitude in response to the altered phase of the at least one wave. A method for interacting with a flow is also provided.

Abstract: Structural subsurface materials and subsurface structures adapted for interacting with a flow are provided. In one example, a structural subsurface material or subsurface structure is provided for use in interacting with a fluid or solid flow. The structural subsurface material comprises a flow interface surface adapted to be disposed adjacent a flow and a subsurface feature comprising a structural material. The subsurface feature extends away from the flow interface surface. The subsurface feature alters an effective structural compliance of the flow interface surface relative to the flow such that the flow experiences an alteration in surface skin-friction drag and/or in kinetic energy in a turbulent flow. In other implementations, methods of controlling a flow with a structural subsurface material or a subsurface structure are provided. Further, methods of designing structural subsurface materials and subsurface structures for interacting with a flow are also provided.

Abstract: A phononic material and a method of using a phononic material for use in interacting with a fluid or solid flow are provided. The phononic material includes an interface surface and a subsurface feature. The interface surface is adapted to move in response to a pressure, and/or velocity gradients, associated with complex motion of a turbulent flow exhibiting a polarity of frequencies exerted on the interface surface. The subsurface feature extends from the interface surface. The subsurface feature comprises a phononic crystal or locally resonant metamaterial adapted to receive the pressure, and/or velocity gradients, from the turbulent flow via the interface surface and alter the phase and amplitude of a polarity of frequency components of the turbulent flow in order to reduce or increase the kinetic energy of the turbulent flow.

Abstract: A phononic material and a method of using a phononic material for use in interacting with a fluid or solid flow are provided. The phononic material includes an interface surface and a subsurface feature. The interface surface is adapted to move in response to a pressure, and/or velocity gradients, associated with complex motion of a turbulent flow exhibiting a polarity of frequencies exerted on the interface surface. The subsurface feature extends from the interface surface. The subsurface feature comprises a phononic crystal or locally resonant metamaterial adapted to receive the pressure, and/or velocity gradients, from the turbulent flow via the interface surface and alter the phase and amplitude of a polarity of frequency components of the turbulent flow in order to reduce or increase the kinetic energy of the turbulent flow.