Abstract: A heat insulating material composition, including: a composite in which cellulose microfibrils enclose wet silica particles having an average particle diameter of 1 ?m or more and 50 ?m or less.

Abstract: A wavelength converter is provided with a light-transmitting substrate and with a thin film that is formed on a surface of the light-transmitting substrate and that contains a phosphor. A sintered body that constitutes the light-transmitting substrate has an average particle size of 5-40 ?m. The light-transmitting substrate contains at least 10-500 ppm by mass of MgO. The principal component of the phosphor is an ?-sialon that is indicated by the general formula (Ca?,Eu?) (Si,Al)12(O,N)16 (provided that 1.5<?+?<2.2, 0<?<0.2, and O/N?0.04).

Abstract: The present invention provides an electron source that can produce a stable electron beam even if an apparatus employing the electron source receives vibration from the outside. An electron source comprising an insulator, a pair of conductive terminals attached to the insulator, a filament tensed between the pair of conductive terminals, a rod-shaped cathode having a sharp end portion performing as an electron emitting portion and joined with the filament, wherein the cathode has another end portion different from the electron emitting portion, fixed to the insulator. It is preferred that said another end portion of the cathode other than the electron emitting portion, is fixed to the insulator via a metal pin brazed with the insulator.

Abstract: An electron gun includes an electron source configured to emit electrons. The electron source includes an electron emission region configured to emit the electrons and an electron emission restrictive region configured to restrict emission of the electrons. The electron emission restrictive region is located on a side surface of the electron source except an electron emission surface on a tip of the electron source and is covered with a different material from the electron source. The electron gun emits thermal field-emitted electrons by applying an electric field to the tip while maintaining a sufficiently low temperature to avoid sublimation of a material of the electron source. The material of the electron source may be lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) or cerium hexaboride (CeB6). The electron emission restrictive region may be covered with carbon.

Abstract: An electron source excellent in the uniformity in current emission distribution is provided certainly and at a low cost. A process for producing an electron source having an electron emitting portion at one end of a rod, which comprises a step of forming the electron emitting portion by machining, and a step of removing a damaged layer at the surface of the formed electron emitting portion by chemical polishing or electrolytic polishing.

Abstract: An electron source showing little surplus current even at a time of high angular intensity operation is provided. An electron source comprising an electron emitting portion, a suppressor electrode and an extractor electrode, wherein the electron emitting portion is present at a leading edge of an end of a single crystal rod having a shape comprising a first truncated cone portion or a cone portion, and a second truncated cone portion continuing therefrom. It is preferably the electron source, wherein the single crystal rod has an oxide of a metal element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf and lanthanoide elements as a diffusion source, and the single crystal rod is made of tungsten or molybden of <100> orientation.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electron source that can produce a stable electron beam even if an apparatus employing the electron source receives vibration from the outside. An electron source comprising an insulator, a pair of conductive terminals attached to the insulator, a filament tensed between the pair of conductive terminals, a rod-shaped cathode having a sharp end portion performing as an electron emitting portion and joined with the filament, wherein the cathode has another end portion different from the electron emitting portion, fixed to the insulator. It is preferred that said another end portion of the cathode other than the electron emitting portion, is fixed to the insulator via a metal pin brazed with the insulator.

Abstract: An electron source excellent in the uniformity in current emission distribution is provided certainly and at a low cost A process for producing an electron source having an electron emitting portion at one end of a rod which comprises a step of forming the electron emitting portion by machining, and a step of removing a damaged layer at the surface of the formed electron emitting portion by chemical polishing or electrolytic polishing.

Abstract: An electron gun includes an electron source configured to emit electrons. The electron source includes an electron emission region configured to emit the electrons and an electron emission restrictive region configured to restrict emission of the electrons. The electron emission restrictive region is located on a side surface of the electron source except an electron emission surface on a tip of the electron source and is covered with a different material from the electron source. The electron gun emits thermal field-emitted electrons by applying an electric field to the tip while maintaining a sufficiently low temperature to avoid sublimation of a material of the electron source. The material of the electron source may be lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) or cerium hexaboride (CeB6). The electron emission restrictive region may be covered with carbon.

Abstract: To provide an electron source which is suitable for an electron beam lithography machine, an Auger electron spectroscope or the like and provides a small total emission current even in a high angular intensity operation. An electron gun provided with a cathode which comprises a single crystal needle of tungsten or molybdenum and a coating layer consisting of oxygen and at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of Group 2A, Group 3A and Group 4A, formed on its surface, characterized in that an apex of the cathode as a truncated cone shape, and the truncated cone shape portion has a cone angle of from 25° to 95° and a diameter of the top surface of from 5 ?m to 200 ?m.

Abstract: An S/N ratio of a probe current is measured while a filament current is changed, and the filament current in which the S/N ratio is maximal is determined.

Abstract: An S/N ratio of a probe current is measured while a filament current is changed, and the filament current in which the S/N ratio is maximal is determined.