Abstract: A levelling agent for use in aqueous paints is composed of a copolymer of a monoethylenically, alpha, beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof and an alkyl acrylate or alkyl methacrylate having in each case from 1 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl moiety, the copolymer having an average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to 80,000 and an acid value of from about 30 to 200, the carboxyl groups of the said copolymer being completely or substantially completely neutralized with a base. The levelling agent, when used with an aqueous paint, possesses improved gloss on the painted surface and re-coating properties for coating with another aqueous paint.

Abstract: An adhesive composition for bonding a rubber material onto a metal substrate, which comprises (1) an aqueous solution or dispersion of an elastic high molecular compound having a carboxyl group, (2) a vulcanizing agent and (3) a vulcanization accelerator.