Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a conductive pattern and a spacer structure disposed on a side surface of the conductive pattern. The spacer structure includes an inner spacer in contact with the side surface of the conductive pattern, an outer spacer spaced apart from the side surface of the conductive pattern, and an air gap disposed between the inner spacer and the outer spacer. The inner spacer includes an inner oxidized region exposed by the air gap. A concentration of oxygen in the inner oxidized region has a gradient in which the oxygen concentration decreases in a direction away from the air gap.

Abstract: Proposed is a pharmaceutical composition for oral administration, the composition including an ionic bond complex composed of teriparatide, deoxycholic acid, N?-deoxycholyl-L-lysyl-methylester (DCK), and di-alpha-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate, and a method for preparing the same is also proposed. The oral pharmaceutical composition is useful for the treatment of osteoporosis because the pharmaceutical composition can increase intestinal membrane permeability and oral administration bioavailability of teriparatide and improve patient compliance.