Abstract: A three-dimensional hydrogel scaffold of the present invention contains a cell to be transplanted in vivo and comprises a first hydrogel block on which a plurality of holes are formed and one or more second hydrogel blocks which are assembled to the holes and are biodegradable. A large hydrogel scaffold can be prepared by means of the assembly of the blocks. The survivability of the cell being transplanted is high and the biodegradability of the blocks varies, and thus the risk of hypoxia is reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anode material comprising a metal core layer capable of repetitive lithium intercalation/deintercalation; an amorphous carbon layer coated on the surface of the metal core layer, and a crystalline carbon layer coated on the amorphous carbon layer. The anode material not only maintains a high charge/discharge capacity, which is an advantage of a metal-based anode material, but also inhibits changes in the volume of a metal core layer caused by repetitive lithium intercalation/deintercalation in virtue of an amorphous carbon layer and a crystalline carbon layer, thereby improving the cycle life characteristics of cells.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode active material comprising: a core layer capable of repeating lithium intercalation/deintercalation; an amorphous carbon layer; and a crystalline carbon layer, successively, wherein the core layer comprises at least two core particles. A secondary battery comprising the same electrode active material is also disclosed. The electrode active material can inhibit variations in volume of the core layer that may occur during repeated charge/discharge cycles, since the core layer comprising at least two core particles, each core particle having an increased area that is in contact with the carbon layer coated thereon. Therefore, the battery using the electrode active material can provide improved cycle life characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery casing, comprising one or more sub-layers as constitutional elements, wherein at least one region selected from the group consisting of a surface of the casing and the sub-layers of the casing is coated partially or totally with a metal having a grain size of 50 nm or less. A battery comprising the same casing is also disclosed. The casing efficiently inhibits degradation of the safety of a battery, caused by internal or external factors, and thus provides a battery with excellent safety.

Abstract: Disclosed is a battery casing, comprising one or more sub-layers as constitutional elements, wherein at least one region selected from the group consisting of a surface of the casing and the sub-layers of the casing is coated partially or totally with a metal having a grain size of 50 nm or less. A battery comprising the same casing is also disclosed. The casing efficiently inhibits degradation of the safety of a battery, caused by internal or external factors, and thus provides a battery with excellent safety.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode active material comprising: a core layer capable of repeating lithium intercalation/deintercalation; an amorphous carbon layer; and a crystalline carbon layer, successively, wherein the crystalline carbon layer comprises sheet-like carbon layer units, and the c-axis direction of the sheet-like carbon layer units is perpendicular to a tangent direction of the electrode active material particle. A secondary battery comprising the same electrode active material is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode active material comprising: a core layer capable of repeating lithium intercalation/deintercalation; an amorphous carbon layer; and a crystalline carbon layer, successively, wherein the core layer comprises at least two core particles. A secondary battery comprising the same electrode active material is also disclosed. The electrode active material can inhibit variations in volume of the core layer that may occur during repeated charge/discharge cycles, since the core layer comprising at least two core particles, each core particle having an increased area that is in contact with the carbon layer coated thereon. Therefore, the battery using the electrode active material can provide improved cycle life characteristics.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrode active material comprising: a core layer capable of repeating lithium intercalation/deintercalation; an amorphous carbon layer; and a crystalline carbon layer, successively, wherein the crystalline carbon layer comprises sheet-like carbon layer units and partially or totally comprises multilayer sheet-like carbon layer units. A secondary battery comprising the same electrode active material is also disclosed. The electrode active material can inhibit variations in volume of the core layer that may occur during repeated charge/discharge cycles, by virtue of the interstitial volumes formed by the multilayer sheet-like carbon layer units in the crystalline carbon layer. Therefore, the battery using the electrode active material can provide improved cycle life characteristics.