Abstract: Provided are a barcode nano-wire for decoding a hard magnetic segment by using highly sensitive magnetic sensors and a bio-sensing system using the barcode nano-wire. Integration of hard magnetic and non-magnetic segments produces the barcode nanowire and magnetic segments are detected using highly sensitive magnetoresistance sensors. The non-magnetic segment uses a non-magnetic material and a specific biomolecule for bioanalysis is immobilized at a specific portion of the barcode nano-wire. The hard magnetic material has an advantage of higher coercivity and high remanence magnetization, which is considered as an important parameter in selecting the material. The hard magnetic segments produce distinguishable strong stray fields for individually detecting segments using conventional magnetic sensors for multiplexed bioanalysis.

Abstract: A linear phase detector includes an up/down pulse generator operating in response to received data signals and a recovered clock signal. The phase detector generates up and down pulses that have pulse widths proportional to the phase differences between transitions of the received data signals and edges of the recovered clock signal. By generating up and down pulses using a linear phase detector in proportion to a phase error, data signals are effectively recovered, even data signals with significant jitter.

Abstract: Provided are a barcode nano-wire for decoding a hard magnetic segment by using highly sensitive magnetic sensors and a bio-sensing system using the barcode nano-wire. Integration of hard magnetic and non-magnetic segments produces the barcode nanowire and magnetic segments are detected using highly sensitive magnetoresistance sensors. The non-magnetic segment uses a non-magnetic material and a specific biomolecule for bioanalysis is immobilized at a specific portion of the barcode nano-wire. The hard magnetic material has an advantage of higher coercivity and high remanence magnetization, which is considered as an important parameter in selecting the material. The hard magnetic segments produce distinguishable strong stray fields for individually detecting segments using conventional magnetic sensors for multiplexed bioanalysis.

Abstract: A linear phase detector includes an up/down pulse generator operating in response to received data signals and a recovered clock signal. The phase detector generates up and down pulses that have pulse widths proportional to the phase differences between transitions of the received data signals and edges of the recovered clock signal. By generating up and down pulses using a linear phase detector in proportion to a phase error, data signals are effectively recovered, even data signals with significant jitter.

Abstract: A linear phase detector includes an up/down pulse generator operating in response to received data signals and a recovered clock signal. The phase detector generates up and down pulses that have pulse widths proportional to the phase differences between transitions of the received data signals and edges of the recovered clock signal. By generating up and down pulses using a linear phase detector in proportion to a phase error, data signals are effectively recovered, even data signals with significant jitter.

Abstract: A frequency multiplier is disclosed. A plurality of voltage regulators each regulate levels of voltages at first and second common nodes in response to a corresponding one of input signals from a voltage-controlled delay line. An input buffer charges the first node or discharges the second node in response to a feedback signal. An output buffer regulates a level of a voltage at an output node and outputs a frequency-multiplied clock signal and the feedback signal corresponding to the voltage level of the output node. A discharge circuit discharges the first node before a rising edge of each of the input signals from the voltage-controlled delay line is inputted. A charge circuit charges the second node before the rising edge of each of the input signals from the voltage-controlled delay line is inputted.

Abstract: A thermometer code generator includes n bit storing stages that are coupled to each other, where n is an integer greater than 1, and the n bit storing stages store a thermometer code, and are adapted to increase the stored thermometer code by 1 in synchronization with a clock signal when an up signal is active, to decrease the stored thermometer code by 1 in synchronization with the clock signal when a down signal is active, and to maintain the stored thermometer code in synchronization with the clock signal when both of the up signal and the down signal are inactive.

Abstract: A frequency multiplier is disclosed. A plurality of voltage regulators each regulate levels of voltages at first and second common nodes in response to a corresponding one of input signals from a voltage-controlled delay line. An input buffer charges the first node or discharges the second node in response to a feedback signal. An output buffer regulates a level of a voltage at an output node and outputs a frequency-multiplied clock signal and the feedback signal corresponding to the voltage level of the output node. A discharge circuit discharges the first node before a rising edge of each of the input signals from the voltage-controlled delay line is inputted. A charge circuit charges the second node before the rising edge of each of the input signals from the voltage-controlled delay line is inputted.

Abstract: A linear phase detector includes an up/down pulse generator operating in response to received data signals and a recovered clock signal. The phase detector generates up and down pulses that have pulse widths proportional to the phase differences between transitions of the received data signals and edges of the recovered clock signal. By generating up and down pulses using a linear phase detector in proportion to a phase error, data signals are effectively recovered, even data signals with significant jitter.

Abstract: A thermometer code generator includes n bit storing stages that are coupled to each other, where n is an integer greater than 1, and the n bit storing stages store a thermometer code, and are adapted to increase the stored thermometer code by 1 in synchronization with a clock signal when an up signal is active, to decrease the stored thermometer code by 1 in synchronization with the clock signal when a down signal is active, and to maintain the stored thermometer code in synchronization with the clock signal when both of the up signal and the down signal are inactive.

Abstract: A device which may be configured to generate delayed clock signals by a specified phase difference, which may include a clock generator circuit for generating at least one clock signal, a delayed clock signal generator for delaying the at least one clock signal, a phase detect circuit for generating a selecting signal based on the amount of phase delay detected according to a half-cycle (?), and in comparison with the clock signal, a phase interpolation circuit for controlling the delay time of the delayed clock signals and interpolating the delayed clock signals, and a selecting circuit which outputs the delayed clock signal delayed by a specified phase difference.

Abstract: A device which may be configured to generate delayed clock signals by a specified phase difference, which may include a clock generator circuit for generating at least one clock signal, a delayed clock signal generator for delaying the at least one clock signal, a phase detect circuit for generating a selecting signal based on the amount of phase delay detected according to a half-cycle (?), and in comparison with the clock signal, a phase interpolation circuit for controlling the delay time of the delayed clock signals and interpolating the delayed clock signals, and a selecting circuit which outputs the delayed clock signal delayed by a specified phase difference.