Abstract: An improved rheometer plate includes a smooth sensing surface with monolithically integrated miniature pressure sensors which do not interfere with the smooth surface. Pressure sensing diaphragms formed by the smooth surface deflect in response to local pressures against the surface to enable the measurement of unperturbed local pressures of materials sheared between plates. The pressure sensors are sufficiently small that measured pressures are considered to be significantly local properties compared to the size of the plate. Normal stress differences and viscosity of fluid are measured accordingly. The membrane covers a plurality of wells or recesses with pressure sensors located in the wells to measure the deflection of the membrane over the wells. Capacitive or other sensors may be used. The rheometer plate can be used as part of a slit rheometer with a slit of varying dimensions.

Abstract: An improved rheometer plate includes a smooth sensing surface with monolithically integrated miniature pressure sensors which do not interfere with the smooth surface. Pressure sensing diaphragms formed by the smooth surface deflect in response to local pressures against the surface to enable the measurement of unperturbed local pressures of materials sheared between plates. The pressure sensors are sufficiently small that measured pressures are considered to be significantly local properties compared to the size of the plate. Normal stress differences and viscosity of fluid are measured accordingly. The membrane covers a plurality of wells or recesses with pressure sensors located in the wells to measure the deflection of the membrane over the wells. Capacitive or other sensors may be used. The rheometer plate can be used as part of a slit rheometer with a slit of varying dimensions.

Abstract: A biosensor (10) has a pH-sensitive polymeric hydrogel (30) in a rigid and preferably biocompatible enclosure (20). The hydrogel (30) includes an immobilized oxidoreductase enzyme such as glucose oxidase. The oxidoreductase enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction consuming an organic molecule and producing a byproduct. The hydrogel (30) changes its osmotic pressure in proportion to the concentration of a byproduct. By measuring the change in osmotic pressure with a pressure transducer (40), the biosensor (10) is able to accurately measure the concentration of the organic molecule without the problem of interference encountered by prior art biosensors. A battery (64) powered telemeter (60) operably engaged to the pressure transducer (40) sends a radio data signal to a receiver (66) operably attached to a computer (62).