Abstract: A method and apparatus for classification using a neural network. A classification apparatus includes at least one processor and a memory. The memory is configured to store a classifier and a preprocessor including a defensive noise generator. The at least one processor generates defensive noise from an input image through the defensive noise generator in the preprocessor, generates a combined image by combining the input image and the defensive noise, and outputs a classification result by inputting the combined image to the classifier.

Abstract: A non-volatile memory device including a substrate including a first area and a second area, a mold structure on the substrate, the mold structure including gate electrodes and mold insulating films alternately stacked on each other in a stepwise manner, an interlayer insulating film covering the mold structure, a channel structure on the first area, the channel structure extending through the mold structure and connected to the gate electrodes, and a through-contact on the second area and extending through the interlayer insulating film, the through-contact including a first portion in a first trench and a second portion in a second trench, the first portion including a liner film along a sidewall and a bottom surface of the first trench and a filling film on the liner film, wherein the filling film being a multi-grain conductive material, and the second portion being a single grain conductive material, may be provided.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a gas diffusion layer for a fuel cell wherein carbon nanotubes are impregnated into Korean paper, thereby enhancing electroconductivity, and a gas diffusion layer manufactured thereby. The method for manufacturing a gas diffusion layer for a fuel cell which is to manufacture a gas diffusion layer as a constituent member of a unit cell in a fuel cell, includes a support preparation step of preparing a support with Korean paper; a dispersion preparation step of dispersing a carbon substance in a solvent to form a dispersion, a coating step of coating the support with the dispersion, and a thermal treatment step of thermally treating the dispersion-coated support to fix the carbon substance to the support.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a multilayer ceramic capacitor includes preparing a ceramic green sheet in which a plurality of internal electrode patterns are formed with a predetermined distance therebetween, forming a ceramic laminate by laminating a plurality of the ceramic green sheets in a first direction, cutting the ceramic laminate to have a side surface from which an end of the internal electrode pattern is exposed in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, forming a margin portion on the side surface from which the end of the internal electrode pattern is exposed, and forming a ceramic body including a dielectric layer and an internal electrode by firing the cut-out ceramic laminate. The forming a margin portion includes flowing a ceramic paste from an upper portion to a lower portion of the cut-out ceramic laminate.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a multilayer ceramic capacitor includes preparing a ceramic green sheet in which a plurality of internal electrode patterns are formed with a predetermined distance therebetween, forming a ceramic laminate by laminating a plurality of the ceramic green sheets in a first direction, cutting the ceramic laminate to have a side surface from which an end of the internal electrode pattern is exposed in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, forming a margin portion on the side surface from which the end of the internal electrode pattern is exposed, and forming a ceramic body including a dielectric layer and an internal electrode by firing the cut-out ceramic laminate. The forming a margin portion includes flowing a ceramic paste from an upper portion to a lower portion of the cut-out ceramic laminate.

Abstract: A capacitor component includes a body, including a dielectric layer and an internal electrode layer, and an external electrode disposed on one surface of the body. The external electrode includes a conductive base and a glass disposed in the conductive base, and the glass includes 0.01 wt % or more to 5.8 wt % or less of nitrogen (N) based on a total weight of the glass.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a multilayer ceramic electronic component, includes: an operation of forming a conductive paste for internal electrodes on a ceramic green sheet; an operation of forming a ceramic laminate by laminating a plurality of the ceramic green sheets; an operation of forming a ceramic body including a dielectric layer and a plurality of internal electrodes by sintering the ceramic laminate; an operation of trimming at least one surface of the ceramic body; and an operation of forming at least one external electrode on the at least one trimmed surface of the ceramic body.

Abstract: The present invention provides a semiconductor element test device comprising a base whereon a semiconductor element for testing is to be placed and having a cover pivot shaft on one side thereof, a cover in which one side is coupled to the cover pivot shaft so as to be capable of hinge rotation, a movable latch installed on the other side of the base, and a cover latch installed on the other side of the cover so that a portion of the cover latch is coupled to the movable latch to allow the cover to be in a closed state, wherein the cover latch has a step formed on the coupling portion with the movable latch to adjust a gap between the cover and the base in a state where the cover is closed, thereby enabling the test of semiconductor elements having different heights.

Abstract: The present invention provides a semiconductor element test device comprising a base whereon a semiconductor element for testing is to be placed and having a cover pivot shaft on one side thereof, a cover in which one side is coupled to the cover pivot shaft so as to be capable of hinge rotation, a movable latch installed on the other side of the base, and a cover latch installed on the other side of the cover so that a portion of the cover latch is coupled to the movable latch to allow the cover to be in a closed state, wherein the cover latch has a step formed on the coupling portion with the movable latch to adjust a gap between the cover and the base in a state where the cover is closed, thereby enabling the test of semiconductor elements having different heights.

Abstract: A multilayer ceramic electronic component includes a ceramic body including a dielectric layer and first and second internal electrodes which face each other with the dielectric layer interposed therebetween. The first and second internal electrodes include a conductive metal and an additive. In a cross-section of the ceramic body in the length-thickness (L-T) plane, a ratio of content of the additive in the first and second internal electrodes in upper and lower portions of the ceramic body to a content of the additive in the first and second internal electrodes in a central portion of the ceramic body is around 0.63 to around 1.03.

Abstract: A multilayer ceramic electronic component includes a ceramic body including a dielectric layer and first and second internal electrodes which face each other with the dielectric layer interposed therebetween. The first and second internal electrodes include a conductive metal and an additive. In a cross-section of the ceramic body in the length-thickness (L-T) plane, a ratio of content of the additive in the first and second internal electrodes in upper and lower portions of the ceramic body to a content of the additive in the first and second internal electrodes in a central portion of the ceramic body is around 0.63 to around 1.03.

Abstract: A semiconductor chip testing apparatus is disclosed. The semiconductor chip testing apparatus includes: an upper socket unit which is formed therein with a receiving space receiving an upper semiconductor chip, holds a lower semiconductor chip using a suction airflow passing around the upper semiconductor chip in the receiving space, and electrically connects the lower semiconductor chip to the upper semiconductor chip; a blade block coupled to the upper socket unit to deliver a vacuum pressure for generating the suction airflow in the receiving space; and a lower socket unit on which the lower semiconductor chip held by the upper socket unit is seated, and which is electrically connected to the seated lower semiconductor chip.

Abstract: A semiconductor chip testing apparatus is disclosed. The semiconductor chip testing apparatus includes: an upper socket unit which is formed therein with a receiving space receiving an upper semiconductor chip, holds a lower semiconductor chip using a suction airflow passing around the upper semiconductor chip in the receiving space, and electrically connects the lower semiconductor chip to the upper semiconductor chip; a blade block coupled to the upper socket unit to deliver a vacuum pressure for generating the suction airflow in the receiving space; and a lower socket unit on which the lower semiconductor chip held by the upper socket unit is seated, and which is electrically connected to the seated lower semiconductor chip.

Abstract: Provided are a method of preparing a chlorohydrin composition and a method of preparing epichlorohydrin by using a chlorohydrin composition prepared by using the method. The method of preparing chlorohydrins in which polyhydroxy aliphatic hydrocarbon is reacted with a chlorination agent in the presence of a catalyst includes performing at least one combination of a series of unit operations comprising a first reaction step, a water removal step, and a second reaction step in this stated order, wherein the method further includes mixing a chlorohydrin concentrate obtained by purifying the reaction mixture discharged from the final reaction step from among the reaction steps and a water-rich layer discharged from the water-removal step and diluting the mixture with water. The method of preparing epichlorohydrin includes contacting the chlorohydrin composition prepared by using the method of preparing a chlorohydrin composition with an alkaline agent.

Abstract: A method of preparing chlorohydrins and a method of preparing epichlorohydrin by using chlorohydrins prepared using the method are provided. The method of preparing chlorohydrins by reacting polyhydroxy aliphatic hydrocarbon with a chlorination agent in the presence of a catalyst includes at least one combination of a series of unit operations including a first reaction step, a water removal step, and a second reaction step, in that respective order, and after mixing at least a portion of a reaction mixture discharged from at least one reaction steps from among the plurality of reaction steps with an additional chlorination agent, recirculating the resulting mixture to the reaction step from which the reaction mixture was discharged. The method of preparing epichlorohydrin includes a step of reacting chlorohydrins prepared using the method of preparing chlorohydrins, with an alkaline agent.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method for preparing chlorohydrins composition and a method for preparing epichlorohydrin using chlorohydrins prepared thereby. The disclosed method for preparing chlorohydrins composition reacts polyhydroxy aliphatic hydrocarbon with a chlorination agent in the presence of a catalyst, comprises at least one combination of a series of unit operations including a first reaction step, a water removal step, and a second reaction step in the respective order, and additionally comprises a step for reacting the chlorohydrins composition derived from a plurality of reaction mixtures discharged from the plurality of reaction steps with an alkaline chemical, and removing the catalyst included in the chlorohydrins composition in the form of an alkali metal salt. The disclosed method for preparing epichlorohydrin includes a step for contacting the chlorohydrins composition, which was prepared using the method for preparing chlorohydrins composition, with an alkaline chemical.

Abstract: A method of preparing chlorohydrins and a method of preparing epichlorohydrin by using chlorohydrins prepared using the method are provided. The method of preparing chlorohydrins by reacting polyhydroxy aliphatic hydrocarbon with a chlorination agent in the presence of a catalyst includes at least one combination of a series of unit operations including a first reaction step, a water removal step, and a second reaction step, in that respective order, wherein the method further includes purifying chlorohydrins from a reaction mixture discharged from a final reaction step of the plurality of reaction steps. The method of preparing epichlorohydrin includes reacting chlorohydrins prepared using the method of preparing chlorohydrins, with an alkaline agent.

Abstract: A method of preparing a chlorohydrin composition and a method of preparing epichlorohydrin by using a chlorohydrin composition prepared by using the method are provided. The method of preparing a chlorohydrin composition in which a polyhydroxy aliphatic hydrocarbon is reacted with a chlorination agent in the presence of a catalyst includes performing at least one combination of a series of unit operations comprising a first reaction step, a water removal step, and a second reaction step in this stated order, wherein the method further includes mixing a chlorohydrin concentrate obtained by purifying the reaction mixture discharged from the final reaction step from among the plurality of reaction steps and a water-rich layer discharged from the water-removal step. The method of preparing epichlorohydrin includes contacting the chlorohydrin composition prepared by using the method of preparing a chlorohydrin composition with an alkaline agent.

Abstract: A method of preparing chlorohydrins and a method of preparing epichlorohydrin using chlorohydrins prepared by using the same method are provided. The method is to prepare chlorohydrins by reacting polyhydroxy aliphatic hydrocarbon with a chlorination agent in the presence of a catalyst, and the method includes at least one combination of a series of unit operations including the following steps in the following stated order: a first reaction step; a water removal step; and a second reaction step, wherein the water removing step is performed by distillation operation based on a boiling point difference between constituents of a reaction mixture. The method of preparing epichlorohydrin includes reacting chlorohydrins prepared by using the method of preparing chlorohydrins with an alkaline agent.

Abstract: A method of preparing dichloropropanol using glycerol. The method includes: chlorination of glycerol including a plurality of chlorination reaction stages using a catalyst; and a water-removing stage performed between the reaction stages, independently of the reaction stages.