Abstract: An encoding device and method of using a bit rate control method which accurately predicts a target bit amount, provides excellent quality, and is applicable to a real-time environment through a simple mechanism, and a multimedia apparatus including the encoding device. The encoding device includes a group-of-pictures (GOP)-based bit assigning unit for assigning a GOP-based bit amount targetGOP, a macroblock-based bit assigning unit for assigning a macroblock-based bit amount for all macroblocks included in the GOP, a quantizing device for checking a current buffer state, determining a quantization parameter (QP) by using an alternating current (AC) coefficient obtained by transforming a macroblock if a buffer occupancy rate is lower than a predetermined limit rate, and performing quantization by using the determined QP, and a variable length coding (VLC) unit for performing VLC.

Abstract: The present invention may improve image quality of a video image while maintaining fixed bitrates by discrete cosine transforming a pixel value a current frame from a video signal, calculating a complexity of a current frame based on a transform coefficient value of a current frame according to the discrete cosine transform, obtaining a quantization parameter of a current frame using the complexity of a current frame, and controlling bitrates of a video image.

Abstract: A transreflection-type liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes a plurality of gate and data lines on a substrate crossing each other defining a plurality of pixel regions, a plurality of storage lines parallel to the gate lines, each storage line positioned between the gate lines, a plurality of thin film transistors disposed at the crossings of the gate and data lines, each thin film transistor having source and drain electrodes and a U-shaped channel region, a negative-type organic insulating layer within the pixel region except for a transmission part, the negative type organic insulating layer having at least one of concave and convex patterns thereon, a reflective electrode on the negative-type organic insulating layer within the pixel region except for the transmission part, and a transparent electrode within the pixel region in electrical contact with the drain electrode.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sliding bearing having a sintered layer formed of sintered segments on a sliding side surface of a steel base member, the sintered layer being made of iron group metal powder and solid lubricant and being formed by forcibly compressing the sintered segments, each of which is molded by previously sintering mixtures made of the iron group metal powder and the solid lubricant into a size enough to construct a portion of the whole sintered layer, on the sliding side surface of the steel base member to form the whole sintered layer, and sintering-bonding the sintered segments to each other and also each of the sintered segments to the steel base member.

Abstract: The present invention includes modified Arabidopsis Nucleoside Di-Phosphate Kinase 2 (NDPK2) nucleic acid molecules whose enzymatic activity have been increased (i.e. hyperactive). NDPKs are ubiquitous housekeeping enzymes that catalyze the transfer of ?-phosphoryl group from a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) to a nucleoside diphosphate (NDP), and also multifunctional proteins that regulate a variety of eukaryotic cellular activities, including cell proliferation, development, and differentiation. In plants, NDPKs are reported to play a key role in the signaling of both stress and light. Among three NDPKs (NDPK1, NDPK2, NDPK3) in a model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, NDPK2 was reported as a positive signal transducer of phytochrome-mediated plant light signaling and to regulate cellular redox state, which enhances multiple stress tolerance in transgenic plants.

Abstract: A transreflection-type liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes a plurality of gate and data lines on a substrate crossing each other defining a plurality of pixel regions, a plurality of storage lines parallel to the gate lines, each storage line positioned between the gate lines, a plurality of thin film transistors disposed at the crossings of the gate and data lines, each thin film transistor having source and drain electrodes and a U-shaped channel region, a negative-type organic insulating layer within the pixel region except for a transmission part, the negative type organic insulating layer having at least one of concave and convex patterns thereon, a reflective electrode on the negative-type organic insulating layer within the pixel region except for the transmission part, and a transparent electrode within the pixel region in electrical contact with the drain electrode.

Abstract: A transreflection-type liquid crystal display (LCD) device includes a plurality of gate and data lines on a substrate crossing each other defining a plurality of pixel regions, a plurality of storage lines parallel to the gate lines, each storage line positioned between the gate lines, a plurality of thin film transistors disposed at the crossings of the gate and data lines, each thin film transistor having source and drain electrodes and a U-shaped channel region, a negative-type organic insulating layer within the pixel region except for a transmission part, the negative type organic insulating layer having at least one of concave and convex patterns thereon, a reflective electrode on the negative-type organic insulating layer within the pixel region except for the transmission part, and a transparent electrode within the pixel region in electrical contact with the drain electrode.

Abstract: An array substrate for liquid crystal display devices includes a transparent substrate, a plurality of array cells on the transparent substrate, each of the array cells include a display area and a non-display area having a first identification, and a semiconductor layer including a second identification mark.

Abstract: An array substrate for liquid crystal display devices includes a transparent substrate, a plurality of array cells on the transparent substrate, each of the array cells include a display area and a non-display area having a first identification, and a semiconductor layer including a second identification mark.