Abstract: A pad liner includes a first pad clip that surrounds and is coupled to a side protrusion protruding in a lateral direction from a brake pad, and a torque support located under the first pad clip and between a side surface of the brake pad and the caliper body. The torque support supports a braking torque. The first pad clip includes a reference surface located on one of a top surface and a bottom surface of the side protrusion, a vertical elastic portion located on an opposite side from the reference surface that pressurizes the side protrusion in a direction of the reference surface, and a clip side portion that connects the reference surface and the vertical elastic portion and surrounds a side surface of the side protrusion. The pad liner minimizes a vertical gap and movement of the brake pad.

Abstract: The embodiments relate to an electrochromic device having excellent elongation and tensile strength while achieving an excellent light transmission variable function based on the electrochromic principle. The electrochromic device comprises a light transmission variable structure interposed between a first base layer and a second base layer, wherein the light transmission variable structure comprises a first chromic layer and a second chromic layer, an electrolyte layer is interposed between the first chromic layer and the second chromic layer, and the elongation is 60% to 170%.

Abstract: A pad liner for a brake apparatus may include: a body part brought into contact with a torque member; a pair of insertion parts connected to the body part such that a part of the torque member is inserted into the insertion parts; a pair of guide parts connected to the pair of insertion parts, respectively, and configured to guide a brake pad; a pair of support parts connected to the pair of guide parts, respectively, and configured to support the brake pad; and a pair of return parts connected to the pair of insertion parts, respectively, located on facing sides of the insertion parts, and configured to provide a return force to the same point of the brake pad when the brake pad is moved.

Abstract: A disk brake apparatus may include a caliper body installed on the outer circumference of a disk; a piston member installed in the caliper body, and moved by hydraulic pressure; a brake pad pressed toward the disk by the piston member; and a shim plate installed between the piston member and the brake pad, formed in a plate shape, and abutting on a piston contact part installed on a surface of the piston member, facing the brake pad, the shim plate may include a cover shim brought into contact with the piston contact part; and a pad shim stacked on a surface of the cover shim, facing the brake pad, and including an opening formed through a region which overlaps at least a part of the piston contact part.

Abstract: A brake pad for a brake apparatus may include: a friction member brought into contact with a brake disk; a back plate coupled to the friction member, and movably mounted on a torque member or a pad liner coupled to the torque member; a slide guide shim mounted on the back plate; and a slide shim movably mounted on the back plate, covering the slide guide shim, and slidably disposed on the slide guide shim.

Abstract: A brake pad for a brake apparatus may include: a friction member brought into contact with a brake disk; a back plate coupled to the friction member, and movably mounted on a torque member or a pad liner coupled to the torque member; a slide guide shim mounted on the back plate; and a slide shim movably mounted on the back plate, covering the slide guide shim, and slidably disposed on the slide guide shim.

Abstract: A pad liner for a brake apparatus may include: a body part brought into contact with a torque member; a pair of insertion parts connected to the body part such that a part of the torque member is inserted into the insertion parts; a pair of guide parts connected to the pair of insertion parts, respectively, and configured to guide a brake pad; a pair of support parts connected to the pair of guide parts, respectively, and configured to support the brake pad; and a pair of return parts connected to the pair of insertion parts, respectively, located on facing sides of the insertion parts, and configured to provide a return force to the same point of the brake pad when the brake pad is moved.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate including a first active region and second active regions, a bit line structure in contact the first active region, and storage node contacts in contact the second active regions. A top surface of the first active region is lower than the top surfaces of the second active regions.