Abstract: An image source of an optical ophthalmic apparatus provides a picture and directs light of the picture toward an imaging arrangement of the optical ophthalmic apparatus. The imaging arrangement receives light of the picture and forms, together with refraction of an eye, an image of the picture on a first image plane, and the imaging arrangement locates the first image plane at a known location. The imaging arrangement receives light from a retina of the eye and directs light from the retina to an image detector of the optical ophthalmic apparatus, and the imaging arrangement forms, together with refraction of the eye, an image of the retina on a second image plane.

Abstract: An ophthalmic examination apparatus comprises an alignment light generator, which directs beams of light from separate locations toward an image of an aperture stop of an imaging unit of the ophthalmic examination apparatus, and causes an envelope of the beams of light to converge to and diverge from a waist, which is within an alignment range of the ophthalmic examination apparatus. An eye is at an examination location with respect to the imaging unit when the waist of the envelope is located at least partly inside a pupil of the eye. The examination location of the ophthalmic examination apparatus is within the alignment range. The imaging unit receives reflections of the beams of light from a cornea of the eye within the alignment range, the eye being similar to a standard eye within standard tolerances.

Abstract: A focus measuring arrangement for ophthalmic examination comprises an infrared light source system, which directs infrared light to a pupil of an eye of a person and forms a focusing pattern of the infrared light on a retina. A receiving arrangement apertures receives the infrared light of the focusing pattern from the retina through separate areas of the pupil. An image forming arrangement causes the infrared light passed through the apertures to form an individual image of the focusing pattern for each of the apertures in an image space of the receiving arrangement, the image forming arrangement causing an optical correspondence between the at least two apertures and the separate areas of the pupil. A detecting surface arrangement is located at a non-zero distance behind the at least two apertures and the image forming arrangement in a direction of propagation of the infrared light reflected from the retina for receiving the infrared light passed through the at least two apertures.

Abstract: An ophthalmic examination apparatus, characterized in that the ophthalmic examination apparatus comprises at least one visual radiation source and a light manipulation arrangement, which is configured to receive light from the visible radiation source, and form light patterns from the light and direct at least one light pattern of the light patterns in a converging manner toward an pupil aperture in a pupil plane of the ophthalmic examination apparatus and locate the at least one light pattern at a non-zero radial distance from a pupil center of the pupil aperture such that a waist of the light patterns is located at the pupil plane in order to provide a person with guidance for enabling an aperture of an iris of his/her eye to approach and/or locate at the pupil aperture in the pupil plane.

Abstract: An ophthalmic apparatus comprises an optical radiation source, which direct rays of optical radiation in a converging manner toward a reference plane, and causes the projections of the rays of optical radiation on a plane parallel to the normal of the reference plane to cross each other at a plane parallel to the reference plane and located deterministically with respect to the reference plane, the crossing forming an alignment pattern of optical radiation on said reference plane. The ophthalmic apparatus, when directed toward the eye, captures images in a direction toward the reference plane including an area, where rays of optical radiation cross, and presents information on a pattern formed by the rays of optical radiation on a surface of a person or mammal whose eye the ophthalmic apparatus is directed toward. The alignment pattern of optical radiation when projected on an iris of the eye indicates that the iris of the eye is at the reference plane.

Abstract: An apparatus for non-contact examination of an eye comprises for illuminating and imaging the eye: an apparatus objective of a positive optical power and a positive spherical aberration which illuminates and images an angle wider than a cross section of the zone I of the retinal vasculature, the apparatus objective being common to the imaging and the illumination the optical paths of which are deviated from each other in the examination apparatus; and a secondary lens unit, which is located behind the apparatus objective in the optical path in a direction of the imaging, modifies at least one of the following optical features: lateral color aberration, astigmatism, field curvature and coma caused by the apparatus objective, and focuses the imaging radiation modified by the secondary lens unit on an image sensor for forming an image of a retina of the eye.

Abstract: An apparatus for non-contact examination of an eye comprises for illuminating and imaging the eye: an apparatus objective of a positive optical power and a positive spherical aberration which illuminates and images an angle wider than a cross section of the zone I of the retinal vasculature, the apparatus objective being common to the imaging and the illumination the optical paths of which are deviated from each other in the examination apparatus; and a secondary lens unit, which is located behind the apparatus objective in the optical path in a direction of the imaging, modifies at least one of the following optical features: lateral color aberration, astigmatism, field curvature and coma caused by the apparatus objective, and focuses the imaging radiation modified by the secondary lens unit on an image sensor for forming an image of a retina of the eye.