Abstract: A sealed piezoelectric transducer having a single, uniform, electrically insulating, heat-conducting layer of a soft, rubbery material filled with a fine, homogeneously-dispersed powder having high thermal conductivity. The material is placed in contact with the surfaces of the transducer and conducts the heat from the surfaces to an external heat sink. Since the thermally conductive powder is fully encapsulated in the rubbery material, its abrasive properties are neutralized. The softness of the material ensures that the vibration of the transducer does not transmit significant acoustic energy into the material, thereby avoiding the generation of parasitic heat. In addition, the layer fills the entire gap between the transducer and the heat sink, thereby removing any possibility of moisture-related arcing.

Abstract: A sealed piezoelectric transducer having a single, uniform, electrically insulating, heat-conducting layer of a soft, rubbery material filled with a fine, homogeneously-dispersed powder having high thermal conductivity. The material is placed in contact with the surfaces of the transducer and conducts the heat from the surfaces to an external heat sink. Since the thermally conductive powder is fully encapsulated in the rubbery material, its abrasive properties are neutralized. The softness of the material ensures that the vibration of the transducer does not transmit significant acoustic energy into the material, thereby avoiding the generation of parasitic heat. In addition, the layer fills the entire gap between the transducer and the heat sink, thereby removing any possibility of moisture-related arcing.

Abstract: An ultrasonic reactor system with an appropriately designed reactor chamber used in conjunction with a compatible ultrasonic Barbell Horn or its derivative that provides a significant efficiency increase and an intensification of sonochemical and sonomechanical processes is disclosed. These enhancements arise from the ability of the reactor chamber to direct all treated liquid media through the highly active ultrasonic cavitation region located near the surface of the horn, as well as from several improvements in the Barbell Horn design that significantly increase its longevity and in its output surface area, thereby increasing the total size of the active cavitation region.

Abstract: An ultrasonic reactor system with an appropriately designed reactor chamber used in conjunction with a compatible ultrasonic Barbell Horn or its derivative that provides a significant efficiency increase and an intensification of sonochemical and sonomechanical processes is disclosed. These enhancements arise from the ability of the reactor chamber to direct all treated liquid media through the highly active ultrasonic cavitation region located near the surface of the horn, as well as from several improvements in the Barbell Horn design that significantly increase its longevity and in its output surface area, thereby increasing the total size of the active cavitation region.