Abstract: Measurement apparatus comprising a laser measuring system an acoustic system is described. The apparatus provides a feedback control signal that can be used in the feedback control system of an associated machine. To allow real time, dynamic, operation the laser measurements are compensated using a compensation value derived from a plurality of laser measurements and at least one acoustic time of flight value.

Abstract: In order to determine movements of two subjects, two or more signals of different phase are obtained which depend on the movement, and processed by locating constellation status of the signals in at least one co-ordinate axis system, it must have at least six separate segments rotationally displaced. Where there are two or more co-ordinate axis systems, each must have an axis radiating from an origin. The change in the constellation states is monitored using at least two processed data samples obtained by sampling the signals at a suitable clock rate. It is possible to derive a prediction of values of the signal and filter the signals in dependence on the prediction. The second co-ordinate axis system may be rotatable relative to the first co-ordinate axis system enabling the provision of a movable region of uncertainty.

Abstract: In order to determine movements of two subjects, two or more signals of different phase are obtained which depend on the movement, and processed by locating constellation status of the signals in at least one co-ordinate axis system, it must have at least six separate segments rotationally displaced. Where there are two or more co-ordinate axis systems, each must have an axis radiating from an origin. The change in the constellation states is monitored using at least two processed data samples obtained by sampling the signals at a suitable clock rate. It is possible to derive a prediction of values of the signal and filter the signals in dependence on the prediction. The second co-ordinate axis system may be rotatable relative to the first co-ordinate axis system enabling the provision of a movable region of uncertainty.