Abstract: Redundancy information can be included in nucleotide symbol strings encoding underlying data. To avoid propagation of errors during the decoding process, during encoding, a constrained encoding can be performed before the redundancy information is computed. The redundancy information can be an outer encoding across multiple nucleotide symbol strings. An inner coding within nucleotide symbol strings can also be supported. Such redundancy information can be interleaved into the underlying nucleotide symbol strings to which the constrained encoding has been applied, resulting in a relaxed constraint. Insertion/deletion redundancy information can also be included in the resulting strings, and an insertion/deletion-sensitive sequence can be included to assist in recovering accurate sequences during decoding operations.

Abstract: Data may contain personal information and be subject to privacy requirements. The data may be encrypted and only a secure enclave may be able to decrypt the encrypted data. The secure enclave may be used to generate a report based on the encrypted data and a first set of added noise. The report may be subject to audit requirements and satisfy a differential privacy guarantee. The encrypted data may be stored for a first period. After the first period, the secure enclave may be used to generate a private synopsis based on the encrypted data and a second set of added noise. The private synopsis may satisfy the differential privacy guarantee. The private synopsis may be encrypted and only the secure enclave may be able to decrypt the encrypted private synopsis. The encrypted data may be expunged, and the encrypted private synopsis may be retained for a second period.

Abstract: Molecular taggants are used to label items with binary barcodes. Molecular taggants may use presence encoding with the presence or absence of a particular molecule representing a 0 or 1. Molecular taggants may alternatively use hybridization encoding where the hybridization of a second strand to a polynucleotide represents a 0 or 1. If multiple such molecular taggants are combined, this leads to a bitwise OR operation that may make it impossible to correctly identify the original binary barcodes. To address this problem, superimposed encoding is applied to the design of the binary barcodes. The superimposed encoding identifies a set of valid binary barcodes that can be uniquely identified from a sample comprising a mixture molecular taggants. One way of doing this is to generate a Hadamard matrix and use the values of entries in the matrix as one of the binary barcodes.

Abstract: A technique for clustering DNA reads from polynucleotide sequencing is described. DNA reads with a level of difference that is likely caused by errors in sequencing are grouped together in the same cluster. DNA reads that represent reads of different DNA molecules are placed in different clusters. The clusters are based on edit distance, which is the number of changes necessary to convert a given DNA read into another. The process of forming clusters may be performed iteratively and may use other types of distance that serve as an approximation for edit distance. Well clustered DNA reads provide a starting point for further analysis.

Abstract: A secure enclave may be used to satisfy privacy requirements and audit requirements. Code may be loaded into the secure enclave. The code may generate a predefined report based on data and added noise. The pre-defined report may be subject to audit requirements. The data may be subject to the privacy requirements. The secure enclave may generate an encryption key and a decryption key based on the code. Only the secure enclave may have access to the decryption key. And the secure enclave may allow only a verified copy of the code to access the decryption key. With the added noise, the report may satisfy a pre-defined differential privacy guarantee. Encrypting the code and ensuring that the report satisfies the differential privacy guarantee may satisfy the privacy requirements. Retaining the report, the code, the secure enclave, and the encrypted data may satisfy the audit requirements.

Abstract: Molecular anti-counterfeiting taggants are made from a plurality of synthetic polynucleotides that collectively encode a bit sequence using the sequences and hybridization states of the polynucleotides. The polynucleotide taggant is placed on an item as a molecular identifier of authenticity. The bit sequence encoded by the polynucleotide taggant is read out using a substrate which has bound polynucleotides complexes that hybridize with the synthetic polynucleotides in the polynucleotide taggant. A detectable signal is present where hybridization occurs. To prevent a bad actor from reverse engineering and creating a copy of the polynucleotide taggant using the results of hybridization to the substrate, multiple versions of the substrate are created. Each version hybridizes to different subsets of the synthetic polynucleotides in the polynucleotide taggant. A detectable pattern on the substrate that is present when exposed to the polynucleotide taggant is used for validating authenticity of the item.

Abstract: Disclosed is a system that tracks website usage without compromising user privacy. The system aggregates website usage data of multiple users across multiple websites. Website usage data is aggregated in a way that preserves each individual user's privacy. Specifically, information relevant to a particular user may be obtained from the aggregated information without exposing what was actually collected from that user. In some configurations, user-specific website usage data is aggregated using trusted execution environment computing hardware. This ensures that privacy is preserved while user-specific data is transferred to and processed by the system. The trusted execution environment applies differential privacy techniques to ensure that use of the aggregated information does not reveal actual information about a user's website usage history. In this way, privacy is maintained while still enabling many of the scenarios that would otherwise rely on third-party cookies.

Abstract: A technique for clustering DNA reads from polynucleotide sequencing is described. DNA reads with a level of difference that is likely caused by errors in sequencing are grouped together in the same cluster. DNA reads that represent reads of different DNA molecules are placed in different clusters. The clusters are based on edit distance, which is the number of changes necessary to convert a given DNA read into another. The process of forming clusters may be performed iteratively and may use other types of distance that serve as an approximation for edit distance. Well clustered DNA reads provide a starting point for further analysis.

Abstract: A secure enclave may be used to satisfy privacy requirements and audit requirements. Code may be loaded into the secure enclave. The code may generate a predefined report based on data and added noise. The pre-defined report may be subject to audit requirements. The data may be subject to the privacy requirements. The secure enclave may generate an encryption key and a decryption key based on the code. Only the secure enclave may have access to the decryption key. And the secure enclave may allow only a verified copy of the code to access the decryption key. With the added noise, the report may satisfy a pre-defined differential privacy guarantee. Encrypting the code and ensuring that the report satisfies the differential privacy guarantee may satisfy the privacy requirements. Retaining the report, the code, the secure enclave, and the encrypted data may satisfy the audit requirements.

Abstract: Array-based enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis creates a large number of polynucleotides using an uncontrolled and template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Spatial control of reaction conditions on the surface of the array allows creation of polynucleotides with a variety of arbitrary sequences. Spatial control may be implemented by removing protecting groups attached to nucleotides only at a selected location on the array or by other techniques such as location-specific regulation of enzymatic activity. The ratio of polynucleotides with protecting groups to unprotected polynucleotides used during a cycle of synthesis is adjusted to control the length of homopolymers created by the polymerase. Digital information may be encoded in the enzymatically synthesized polynucleotides.

Abstract: Array-based enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis creates a large number of polynucleotides using an uncontrolled and template independent polymerase such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT). Spatial control of reaction conditions on the surface of the array allows creation of polynucleotides with a variety of arbitrary sequences. Spatial control may be implemented by removing protecting groups attached to nucleotides only at a selected location on the array or by other techniques such as location-specific regulation of enzymatic activity. The ratio of polynucleotides with protecting groups to unprotected polynucleotides used during a cycle of synthesis is adjusted to control the length of homopolymers created by the polymerase. Digital information may be encoded in the enzymatically synthesized polynucleotides.

Abstract: The efficiency of polymer synthesis is increased by reducing the number of monomer addition cycles needed to create a set of polymer strands. The number of cycles depends on the sequences of the polymer strands and the order in which each type of monomer is made available for addition to the growing strands. Efficiencies are created by grouping the polymer strands into batches such that all the strands in a batch require a similar number of cycles to synthesize. Efficiencies are also created by selecting an order in which the monomers are made available for addition to the growing polymer strands in a batch. Both techniques can be used together. With these techniques, the number of cycles of monomer addition and commensurate reagent use may be reduced by over 10% as compared to naïve synthesis techniques.

Abstract: A secure enclave may be used to satisfy privacy requirements and audit requirements. Code may be loaded into the secure enclave. The code may generate a predefined report based on data and added noise. The pre-defined report may be subject to audit requirements. The data may be subject to the privacy requirements. The secure enclave may generate an encryption key and a decryption key based on the code. Only the secure enclave may have access to the decryption key. And the secure enclave may allow only a verified copy of the code to access the decryption key. With the added noise, the report may satisfy a pre-defined differential privacy guarantee. Encrypting the code and ensuring that the report satisfies the differential privacy guarantee may satisfy the privacy requirements. Retaining the report, the code, the secure enclave, and the encrypted data may satisfy the audit requirements.

Abstract: Data that has been stored according to a DNA data storage method can be decoded using a flexible approach that supports both solitary strand mapping and cluster-based trace reconstruction. Solitary strand mapping can place strings based on integrity verification. Redundancy information can be partitioned to support error correction during the solitary strand mapping while still achieving integrity verification. Clusters with verified strands can be skipped during cluster-based trace reconstruction. Useful for increasing the accuracy of the trace reconstruction procedure.

Abstract: A system and method for applying noise to data is described. The system accesses a metric value of a metric of each user from a group of users of an application. The metric indicates a measure of an operation of the application by a corresponding user. The system generates noise values and defines a distribution of the noise values to the group of users. The system modifies the metric value of the metric of each user with a corresponding noise value from the noise values based on the distribution.

Abstract: A secure enclave may be used to satisfy privacy requirements and audit requirements. Code may be loaded into the secure enclave. The code may generate a predefined report based on data and added noise. The pre-defined report may be subject to audit requirements. The data may be subject to the privacy requirements. The secure enclave may generate an encryption key and a decryption key based on the code. Only the secure enclave may have access to the decryption key. And the secure enclave may allow only a verified copy of the code to access the decryption key. With the added noise, the report may satisfy a pre-defined differential privacy guarantee. Encrypting the code and ensuring that the report satisfies the differential privacy guarantee may satisfy the privacy requirements. Retaining the report, the code, the secure enclave, and the encrypted data may satisfy the audit requirements.

Abstract: A system and method for applying noise to data is described. The system accesses a metric value of a metric of each user from a group of users of an application. The metric indicates a measure of an operation of the application by a corresponding user. The system generates noise values and defines a distribution of the noise values to the group of users. The system modifies the metric value of the metric of each user with a corresponding noise value from the noise values based on the distribution.

Abstract: Polymeric molecules such as deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) provide a storage medium for digital data that has advantages over conventional storage media. Accessing digital data stored in polymers includes decoding the output of sequencers which detect the physical order of monomer subunits in the polymers. This output includes errors which are corrected through the process of trace reconstruction. Trace reconstruction identifies a consensus output sequence from a set of noisy output reads provided by a sequencer. The accuracy of trace reconstruction is improved by using weighted majority voting to determine the consensus output sequence. Weights are based on quality labels assigned by the sequencer to its output. Quality labels may be derived from empirical error data. A quality label for a single position in an output read may be determined independently or it may be influenced by quality labels of other nearby positions in the read.

Abstract: This document relates to hardware protection of differential privacy techniques. One example obtains multiple instances of encrypted telemetry data within a secure enclave and processes the encrypted telemetry data to obtain multiple instances of unencrypted telemetry data. The example also processes, within the secure enclave, the multiple instances of unencrypted telemetry data to obtain a perturbed aggregate. The example also releases the perturbed aggregate from the secure enclave.

Abstract: Data that has been stored according to a DNA data storage method can be decoded using a flexible approach that supports both solitary strand mapping and cluster-based trace reconstruction. Solitary strand mapping can place strings based on integrity verification. Redundancy information can be partitioned to support error correction during the solitary strand mapping while still achieving integrity verification. Clusters with verified strands can be skipped during cluster-based trace reconstruction. Useful for increasing the accuracy of the trace reconstruction procedure.