Abstract: A cooling system for an internal combustion engine includes a first circuit for cooling the cylinder head and a second circuit for cooling the engine block which are completely separated from each other and make use of a first fluid and a second fluid which are never mixed with each other. The flow of the first fluid circulating in the circuit for cooling the cylinder head is used, totally or partially, for cooling the second fluid which cools the engine block in a heat exchanger. Preferably, the second cooling fluid is the engine lubricating oil.

Abstract: A cooling system for an internal combustion engine of a motor-vehicle has two separate cooling circuits for the cylinder head and the engine block. The cooling fluid which flows through the cylinder head circulates through a radiator in all operating conditions of the cooling system. The cooling fluid which flows through the engine block is instead de-routed so that it does not flow through the radiator and, when it comes out of the engine block, is fed into a conduit at the outlet from the head so that the engine block is kept at a temperature greater than that of the head. An electronic control unit controls the adjustment of a pump for activating the circulation of the cooling fluid, and a flow control valve which de-routes a portion of the cooling fluid at the outlet of the pump towards the engine block. The electronic control unit carries out the above regulations as a function of signals directed thereto from a plurality of sensors which are indicative of a number of engine operating parameters.

Abstract: A direct injection Diesel engine for motor-vehicles, with small displacement, is described, which comprises a number of cylinders in line each provided with two intake valves and two exhaust valves driven by two cam-shafts arranged in the cylinder head, by means of rocker arms. The arrangement of the intake apertures (2, 3) and the exhaust apertures (4, 5) is such that the injector device can be housed centrally therebetween and the pre-heating glow-plug can be housed on one side, between one intake aperture and one exhaust aperture, while the overall dimensions of the engine are greatly reduced and intake and exhaust conduits (6, 7, 8) are formed which ensure optimum performance of the engine and a low fuel consumption.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a fuel injector in a side wall of each cylinder to direct a fuel jet onto a flat or concave impingement surface of a shield projecting into the cylinder from the cylinder head, to atomize the fuel in the vicinity of the sparking plug electrodes with minimal wetting of the cylinder walls and of the plug electrodes. The piston head is formed with an asymmetrically located combustion chamber surrounded by extensive "squish" areas arranged to promote the formation of a fuel vortex in which charge stratification occurs centrifugally.

Abstract: An internal combustion engine has a fuel injector located in a side wall of each cylinder, and a combustion chamber in each cylinder formed largely by a cavity recessed in the crown of the piston, to define substantial "squish" areas between the piston crown and a cylinder head which contains an ignition prechamber, situated opposite the fuel injector, communicating with a sparking plug, the fuel injector being arranged to direct at least one part of the fuel into a region adjacent the ignition prechamber which forms part of the volume of the combustion chamber.