Abstract: A process for synthesizing (R)-3 -hy droxybutyl (R)-3 -hy droxybutanoate from ethyl (R)-3-hydroxybutanoate and (R)-1,3-butanediol, as well a process for synthesizing (R)-3-hy droxybutyl (R)-3-hy droxybutanoate from (R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid and (R)-1,3-butanediol. Also provided are processes for isolating (R)-3-hy droxybutyl (R)-3-hy droxybutanoate, including from a fermentation broth.

Abstract: Systems and methods for creating, managing and optimizing online advertising campaigns include groups of independent human resources working through a marketplace to suggest and optimize appropriate choices for how, where and how much to pay for online advertising. Optimization is achieved through the use of market-based incentives that pay participants based on the quality, quantity and efficiency of the results of their suggestions. The systems and methods enable a marketplace that leverages the inherent knowledge of a large group of people to come up with all search terms, placements, targeting and advertisements that might be relevant to a product, and determine the optimal auction prices for these search terms, placements, targeting and ads on the search engine systems.

Abstract: Systems and methods for creating, managing and optimizing online advertising campaigns include groups of independent human resources working through a marketplace to suggest and optimize appropriate choices for how, where and how much to pay for online advertising. Optimization is achieved through the use of market-based incentives that pay participants based on the quality, quantity and efficiency of the results of their suggestions. The systems and methods enable a marketplace that leverages the inherent knowledge of a large group of people to come up with all search terms, placements, targeting and advertisements that might be relevant to a product, and determine the optimal auction prices for these search terms, placements, targeting and ads on the search engine systems.

Abstract: Systems and methods for creating, managing and optimizing online advertising campaigns include groups of independent human resources working through a marketplace to suggest and optimize appropriate choices for how, where and how much to pay for online advertising. Optimization is achieved through the use of market-based incentives that pay participants based on the quality, quantity and efficiency of the results of their suggestions. The systems and methods enable a marketplace that leverages the inherent knowledge of a large group of people to come up with all search terms, placements, targeting and advertisements that might be relevant to a product, and determine the optimal auction prices for these search terms, placements, targeting and ads on the search engine systems.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage system is described that can fabricated under ambient atmospheric conditions and humidity. The hydrogen storage system includes hydrogen-absorbing alloy particles, such as ABx-type alloys, for example LaNi4.7Al0.3, AB/A2B-type alloys, for example Mg2Ni, and AB2-type alloys, and group VIII transition metal particles, such as Pd, Pt, Ni, Ru, and/or Re, that are mechanically alloyed. The mechanically alloyed particles are stable and retain their hydrogen-absorbing efficiency even after prolonged exposure to air and water. Binders and solvent can be added to produce low-viscosity inks. The hydrogen storage system can be used with fuel cells that can be microfabricated and optionally be integrated with electronic devices.