Abstract: Disclosed is a thermal management system for a vehicle, the thermal management system including a refrigerant line in which a refrigerant circulates, the refrigerant line having a closed loop including a compressor, a condensing core, an expansion valve, and an evaporation core, a first coolant line in which a coolant flows while circulating between the evaporation core and an electronic component of a vehicle, a second coolant line in which the coolant flows while circulating between the condensing core and a radiator, and a fluid line in which a non-conductive fluid flows while circulating between an interior air conditioning part and the condensing core or the evaporation core, in which a heating core of the interior air conditioning part and a battery are connected, and the non-conductive fluid is introduced into a battery housing and is in direct thermal conduction with a battery cell.

Abstract: A battery case and a heat management system for a battery module having the battery case, in which the battery case ensures airtightness allowing a liquid immersion cooling method based on a nonconductive refrigerant to be used in managing the heat of the battery module, and the internal temperature of the battery case and the level of the nonconductive refrigerant are controlled to remain constant so as to keep the battery cell below an ignition point, thereby preventing a fire from breaking out.

Abstract: A read method of a nonvolatile memory device includes reading data from a selected memory area of the nonvolatile memory device according to a first read voltage; detecting and correcting an error of the read data; and deciding a second read voltage for reading the selected memory area when an error of the read data is uncorrectable. The second read voltage is decided according to either the number of logical 0s or 1s included in the read data, or a ratio of logical 1s to logical 0s in the read data.

Abstract: A method of operating a storage device includes a nonvolatile memory device, a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device and a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature of the nonvolatile memory device. The method includes calculating an average sensing temperature of a sensing temperature measured by the temperature sensor for a period of time, and periodically calculating an elapsed time of data after the data is programmed in the nonvolatile memory device based upon the average sensing temperature.

Abstract: In a method of operating a storage device including at least one nonvolatile memory device and a memory controller configured to control the at least one nonvolatile memory device, a boundary page of a first memory block among a plurality of memory blocks included in the at least one nonvolatile memory device is searched for, at least one clean page, in which data is not written, of the first memory block is searched for, a dummy program operation is performed on a portion of the boundary page and the at least one clean page, and an erase operation is performed on the first memory block.

Abstract: In a method of operating a storage device including at least one nonvolatile memory device and a memory controller configured to control the at least one nonvolatile memory device, a boundary page of a first memory block among a plurality of memory blocks included in the at least one nonvolatile memory device is searched for, at least one clean page, in which data is not written, of the first memory block is searched for, a dummy program operation is performed on a portion of the boundary page and the at least one clean page, and an erase operation is performed on the first memory block.

Abstract: A method of operating a storage device includes a nonvolatile memory device, a controller configured to control the nonvolatile memory device and a temperature sensor configured to measure a temperature of the nonvolatile memory device. The method includes calculating an average sensing temperature of a sensing temperature measured by the temperature sensor for a period of time, and periodically calculating an elapsed time of data after the data is programmed in the nonvolatile memory device based upon the average sensing temperature.

Abstract: A read method of a nonvolatile memory device includes reading data from a selected memory area of the nonvolatile memory device according to a first read voltage; detecting and correcting an error of the read data; and deciding a second read voltage for reading the selected memory area when an error of the read data is uncorrectable. The second read voltage is decided according to either the number of logical 0s or 1s included in the read data, or a ratio of logical 1s to logical 0s in the read data.