Abstract: A semiconductor chip includes a substrate, a source structure disposed on the substrate, and a support pattern disposed on the source structure. Each of the source structure and the support pattern includes polysilicon. The semiconductor chip further includes an electrode structure disposed on the support pattern, and a plurality of vertical structures extending vertically through the electrode structure. The electrode structure includes a lower electrode structure disposed on the support pattern and including a plurality of lower gate electrodes and a plurality of first insulating films, a second insulating film disposed on the lower electrode structure, and an upper electrode structure disposed on the second insulating film and including a plurality of upper gate electrodes and a plurality of third insulating films. The vertical structures contact the source structure above the source structure.

Abstract: Provided are a substation system including an energy storage device, a method of calculating capacity of the energy storage device, and a control apparatus for the same. The control apparatus may include a charge and discharge determination unit configured to determine a charge or discharge operation of an energy storage device based on whether a measured output value is within an output operation range; a forecast error determination unit configured to determine a ratio of a period in which the measured output value is out of the output operation range with respect to a total period; and a capacity determination unit configured to determine capacity of the energy storage device based on the ratio.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for reducing power consumption of a terminal in a wireless communication system are provided. The method for reducing power consumption of a terminal in a wireless communication system includes measuring movement information of the terminal, calculating a location change value of the terminal based on the movement information, determining whether there is movement of the terminal based on the location change value, and determining whether to measure a neighbor cell in a power saving duration of a discontinuous reception duration based on the determination of whether there is movement of the terminal, wherein the power saving duration is duration that the terminal does not transceive data, and wherein the movement information includes at least one of velocity information, acceleration information, location information, direction information or angle information of the terminal.