Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a substrate including a cell region and a peripheral circuit region, a peripheral circuit gate line on the peripheral circuit region of the substrate, an interlayer insulating layer surrounding the peripheral circuit gate line, a contact plug passing through the interlayer insulating layer to be connected to the substrate, a wiring pad on the contact plug, and a metal via being in contact with the wiring pad, wherein a first sidewall and a second sidewall of the contact plug form acute angles with an upper surface of the contact plug, and a first sidewall and a second sidewall of the wiring pad form acute angles with a lower surface of the wiring pad.

Abstract: Disclosed is an optical pulse adjusting device including a pulse shaper that receives an input signal generated based on an optical frequency comb (OFC) signal and outputs a spectrum adjustment signal by adjusting an optical spectrum shape of the input signal, an optical amplifier that outputs an optical amplification signal by amplifying the spectrum adjustment signal, an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) that outputs an information signal by comparing an optical spectrum shape of the optical amplification signal with a target optical spectrum shape, and a control circuit that outputs a comparison signal based on the information signal. The pulse shaper further receives the comparison signal and adjusts the optical spectrum shape of the input signal based on information about a difference between the optical spectrum shape of the optical amplification signal and the target optical spectrum shape, which is included in the comparison signal.

Abstract: Provided is an optical self-heterodyne detection system. The system includes a light source configured to generate light, a photodetector configured to detect the light, a programmable filter provided between the photodetector and the light source, and an electrical spectrum analyzer connected to the photodetector and configured to analyze a frequency and wavelength of the light using a detection signal of the photodetector. The light source may include a frequency comb light source.

Abstract: Disclosed are a photonic multiband filter and a method of operating the same. The photonic multiband filter includes an optical frequency comb that forms multiple optical channels based on a single light source incident from an outside, a modulator that applies an RF signal modulated into an optical domain among a plurality of RF signals to the multiple optical channels, and a pulse shaper that determines a center frequency, a bandwidth, and a passband shape of the RF signal modulated into the optical domain including the multiple optical channels.