Abstract: The present invention relates to a biomarker for neurodegenerative diseases, comprising glycotoxin, a specific protein bound to glycotoxin, or a glycotoxin-specific protein complex, and more specifically, the biomarker permits non-invasive rapid detection of a specific fluorescence from the skin surface and therefore can be used in early detection of cognitive impairment, and for a confirmed case of cognitive impairment, measures the mRNA expression level and protein level of the biomarker from living tissues such as skin and blood, and therefore is advantageously utilized in prediction, diagnosis, and the like of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and the like.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes at least one first built in self test (BIST) circuit configured to generate test pattern data, and at least one second BIST circuit configured to receive the test pattern data as received test pattern data and compare the received test pattern data to the test pattern data.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device includes at least one first built in self test (BIST) circuit configured to generate test pattern data, and at least one second BIST circuit configured to receive the test pattern data as received test pattern data and compare the received test pattern data to the test pattern data.