Abstract: A controller for an electromagnetic valve includes a control circuit, a hysteresis circuit, and a driver circuit. An output end of the control circuit is configured to output a first wave signal of a first frequency. An input end of the hysteresis circuit is connected to the output end of the control circuit. The hysteresis circuit is configured to process the first wave signal to obtain a drive signal including a second wave signal of the first frequency and a third wave signal of a second frequency. An input end of the driver circuit is connected to an output end of the hysteresis circuit, and an output end of the driver circuit is connected to the electromagnetic valve. The driver circuit is configured to drive the electromagnetic valve to operate based on the drive signal.

Abstract: A controller for an electromagnetic valve includes a control circuit, a hysteresis circuit, and a driver circuit. An output end of the control circuit is configured to output a first wave signal of a first frequency. An input end of the hysteresis circuit is connected to the output end of the control circuit. The hysteresis circuit is configured to process the first wave signal to obtain a drive signal including a second wave signal of the first frequency and a third wave signal of a second frequency. An input end of the driver circuit is connected to an output end of the hysteresis circuit, and an output end of the driver circuit is connected to the electromagnetic valve. The driver circuit is configured to drive the electromagnetic valve to operate based on the drive signal.

Abstract: A method for controlling a water heater includes determining that the water heater is in a minimum load operation state; in accordance with a determination that the water heater is in the minimum load operation state; detecting an outlet water temperature of the water heater, determining that the outlet water temperature meets a preset condition; and in accordance with a determination that the outlet water temperature meets the preset condition, controlling the water heater to stop heating.

Abstract: A method of characterizing an analyte or the interaction between the analyte and an agent in a nanopore system, wherein the nanopore system comprises a protein nanopore disposed in a membrane that separates a first conductive liquid medium from a second conductive liquid medium, wherein the protein nanopore is MspA, MspA homolog or variant thereof, wherein the analyte has an conformation and the analyte with the conformation can be accommodated in the vestibule of the MspA, the MspA homolog or the variant thereof but cannot translocate through the MspA, the MspA homolog or the variant thereof, the method comprising: i) applying an electrical potential difference between the first conductive liquid medium and the second conductive liquid medium to drive the analyte into the nanopore, and optionally contacting the agent with the analyte; ii) measuring an ionic current through the protein nanopore to provide a tested current pattern that contains at least ionic current measured during the analyte is in the vesti