Abstract: The lawn edging (10) is formed by extruding a thermoplastic resin, preferably a thermoplastic resin such as polyethylene containing a dispersion of prevulcanized elastomer granules through a die (62) having a vertical die orifice (64) for forming the wall (12) of the channel (16). The vertical die orifice (64) also contains an element for forming protrusions (20) on a surface of the wall (12). The element preferably forms a horizontal edge on the protrusion (20). The feed rate of the element can be higher than the adjacent sections of the wall (12) such that the extruded material backs up in the die (62) and intermittently feeds through the outlet orifice (64). The channel (16) can contain a lower bead (34) and an upper hollow head member (14) which can be coated with a liquid impervious film (100) and perforated by a laser (120) to form spray apertures (122).

Abstract: A universal fitting for connecting together non-porous irrigation tubing having different diameters. The fitting is closable at one or more openings with caps so that the one fitting can be used as an elbow, coupling, tee, or end cap thus avoiding the stocking or purchase of many different kinds of fitting for various diameters of irrigation hose.

Abstract: Porous pipe formed by extruding a mixture of particles of vulcanized rubber dispersed in a binder resin such as linear low density polyethylene preferably having a Melt Index below 1.0 and a broad distribution of molecular weights, through a pipe die to form porous pipe and then cooling the pipe in a cooling trough. The pipe is stabilized to reduce degradation by ultraviolet light by dispersing in the binder resin an effective amount of an ultraviolet stabilizer such as 0.1 to 10% by weight of carbon black.

Abstract: Porous pipe formed of particles of vulcanized rubber dispersed in a binder resin such as linear low density polyethylene preferably having a Melt Index below 1.0 and a broad distribution of molecular weights, is stabilized to reduce degradation by ultraviolet light by dispersing in the binder resin an effective amount of an ultraviolet stabilizer such as 0.1 to 10% by weight of carbon black.

Abstract: Porous pipe formed of particles of vulcanized rubber dispersed in a binder resin such as polyethylene are stabilized to reduce degradation by ultraviolet light by dispersing in the binder resin an effective amount of an ultraviolet stabilizer such as 0.1 to 10% by weight of carbon black.

Abstract: Water from a low pressure irrigation system is conveyed through a tube and sprayed upward from an orifice. A collection of splash plate water deflectors rotates above the orifice on supports extending up from the tube. Different surface shapes on the splash plates create different spray patterns when they are rotated into the path of the water stream from the orifice. A flow rate valve is incorporated into the tube to regulate water flow.

Abstract: Porous pipe formed of particles of vulcanized rubber dispersed in a binder resin such as polyethylene are stabilized to reduce degradation by ultraviolet light by dispersing in the binder resin an effective amount of an ultraviolet stabilizer such as 0.1 to 10% by weight of carbon black.

Abstract: A fitting for connecting together porous and non-porous irrigation tubing, threaded garden hose, and pipe with conventional pipe thread. Some openings in the fitting have both exterior male threads to engage the hose and interior compression rings to engage the tubing. Another opening in the fitting is provided with pipe threads to allow connection to ordinary threaded risers used in underground distribution systems.

Abstract: An irrigation system that combines porous and non-porous tubing in a unified system by means of pressure reducing flow control fittings that connect the lower pressure porous tubing to the higher pressure non-porous distribution tubing. Small holes in discs mounted inside the fittings lower the flow and pressure to the porous tube.

Abstract: A tee shaped fitting for connecting together porous and non-porous irrigation tubing and also threaded garden hose as desired in which the three openings each have exterior male threads to engage the hose and interior compression rings to engage the tubing. The fitting is closable at one or more openings with caps so that the one fitting can be used as an elbow, coupling, tee, or end cap thus avoiding the stocking or purchase of many different kinds of fittings.

Abstract: An irrigation system that uses porous and non-porous pipe in combination, the porous pipe having a porosity such that the flow of water therethrough is balanced to the flow of water through point source emitters connected to both the porous and non-porous pipes so that simultaneous point source and line source watering is possible.