Abstract: The fabrication of electrodes and electrode surfaces as well as devices that use the electrodes are described. In an example, a metallic powder is coplated with an electroplating solution to trap the particles in an electroplated metallic layer on a substrate, for example a reticular substrate that permits flow therethrough. Applications include electrolysis cells, fuel cells and bifunctional gas electrodes. In an example, fuels are supplied to the electrodes as anolyte and catholyte mixtures composed of finely divided bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen respectively within an alkaline electrolyte.