Abstract: The present disclosure provides a photocatalyst that can utilize plasmon resonance based, near-perfect optical absorption for performing and enhancing photocatalytic reactions. The photocatalyst comprises a substrate and a reflective layer adjacent to the substrate. The reflective layer is configured to reflect light. The photocatalyst further comprises a spacer layer adjacent to the reflective layer. The spacer layer is formed of a semiconductor material or insulator and is at least partially transparent to light. A nanocomposite layer adjacent to the spacer layer is formed of a particles embedded in a matrix. The matrix can comprise a semiconductor, insulator or in some cases metallic pores. The particles can be metallic. Upon exposure to light, the particles can absorb far field electromagnetic radiation and excite plasmon resonances that interact with the reflective layer to form electromagnetic resonances.

Abstract: A system for collecting electromagnetic energy is provided. The system can include one or more electromagnetic energy collection devices. An individual device comprises a first electrically conductive layer adjacent to a semiconductor layer. The first electrically conductive layer forms a Schottky barrier to charge flow at an interface between the first electrically conductive layer and the semiconductor layer. A second electrically conductive layer is disposed adjacent to the semiconductor layer and away from the first electrically conductive layer. The second electrically conductive layer forms an ohmic contact with the semiconductor layer. Upon exposure of the device to electromagnetic energy, the first electrically conductive layer generates localized surface plasmon resonances that resonantly interact with the second electrically conductive layer, providing near perfect absorption of light.

Abstract: The invention concerns a particle having a code from a library of codes embedded in its physical structure by refractive index changes between different regions of the particle. In preferred embodiments, a thin film possesses porosity that varies in a manner to produce a code detectable in the reflectivity spectrum. An assay detection method uses such a particle and detects a spectral shift in the presence of an analyte. Additional embodiments are disclosed including additional features.

Abstract: The invention concerns a particle having a grey scale code embedded in its physical structure by refractive index changes between different regions of the particle.

Abstract: The invention relates methods of improving signal detection from an array and methods for background subtraction in an array. The invention provides for novel array compositions including arrays with wells with different shapes, or surfaces coated with reflective or selectively absorptive coatings. In addition, the array include a signal transducer element.