Abstract: According to one embodiment, an apparatus for controlling combustion in an internal combustion engine having a fuel delivery system includes a cylinder contents prediction module configured to predict at least one condition within a combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine. The apparatus also includes a fueling parameter selection module configured to generate a fuel command for the fuel delivery system. The fuel command is based at least partially on the predicted at least one condition within the combustion cylinder.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, an apparatus for controlling combustion in an internal combustion engine having a fuel delivery system includes a cylinder contents prediction module configured to predict at least one condition within a combustion cylinder of the internal combustion engine. The apparatus also includes a fueling parameter selection module configured to generate a fuel command for the fuel delivery system. The fuel command is based at least partially on the predicted at least one condition within the combustion cylinder.

Abstract: A system for controlling exhaust emission oxides of nitrogen (NOx) during restarts of an internal combustion engine (ICE). The system includes a first sensor for determining a first level of exhaust gas oxygen at a location upstream of a catalytic converter, a second sensor for determining a second level of exhaust gas oxygen at a location mid-bed of the catalytic, and a controller for performing at least one process to reduce NOx emissions when a difference between the first level of exhaust gas oxygen and the second level of exhaust gas oxygen exceeds a predetermined amount.

Abstract: A method of controlling exhaust emission oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from an internal combustion engine (ICE) includes the steps of determining when an engine speed is below a first predetermined level, and controlling an oxygen displacement valve (ODV) such that at least a portion of exhaust gas generated by the ICE is directed into an intake air flow of the ICE.

Abstract: A method of controlling exhaust emission oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from an internal combustion engine (ICE) includes the steps of determining when an engine speed is below a first predetermined level, and controlling an oxygen displacement valve (ODV) such that at least a portion of exhaust gas generated by the ICE is directed into an intake air flow of the ICE.

Abstract: A system for controlling exhaust emission oxides of nitrogen (NOx) during restarts of an internal combustion engine (ICE). The system includes a first sensor for determining a first level of exhaust gas oxygen at a location upstream of a catalytic converter, a second sensor for determining a second level of exhaust gas oxygen at a location mid-bed of the catalytic, and a controller for performing at least one process to reduce NOx emissions when a difference between the first level of exhaust gas oxygen and the second level of exhaust gas oxygen exceeds a predetermined amount.

Abstract: The present invention provides a system comprising an atomizer for producing a mist of sub-micron sized fluid droplets. Also provided by the present invention are fluid delivery systems, a system for treating an exhaust stream by injecting an atomized spray, a catalytic system for treating at least one chemical species, and a system for humidifying an air stream for use in fuel cell.