Abstract: An article of footwear having a heel region including a posterior end, a mid-foot region, and a forefoot region including an anterior end. The article of footwear having an upper extending from the heel region to the forefoot region and a sole structure coupled to the upper. The sole structure further has a first cushioning element having a first tube, a second tube, a third tube, and a fourth tube, and an outsole layer extending from the posterior end to the anterior end. The outsole layer is configured to directly receive a portion of the first cushioning element, and the outsole layer forms a ground-contacting surface of the article of footwear.

Abstract: An article of footwear having a heel region including a posterior end, a mid-foot region, and a forefoot region including an anterior end. The article of footwear having a lateral side, and a medial side opposite the lateral side; an upper; and a sole structure coupled to the upper. The sole structure has a first cushioning element, having a plurality of first tubes and a plurality of first web areas. Adjacent first tubes are connected to one another by a respective first web area of the plurality of first web areas. The sole structure also having a second cushioning element, having a plurality of second tubes and a plurality of second web areas. Adjacent second tubes are connected to one another by a respective web area of the second plurality of web areas.

Abstract: A physics-based charge temperature model to calculate a charge air temperature for an automobile vehicle includes multiple variables. The multiple variables include: a first variable defining an engine speed of an engine defining revolutions per minute of a crankshaft of the engine; a second variable defining a cam position; a third variable defining an engine coolant temperature; a fourth variable defining an air intake temperature; a fifth variable defining an engine air flow; and a sixth variable defining a firing fraction of the engine. A controller provides multiple lookup tables. The controller controls operation of the engine using the multiple variables and data in the multiple lookup tables to calculate a charge air temperature for individual intake strokes of at least one cylinder of the engine.

Abstract: A method for compressor surge detection to enable model based air estimation includes determining if an intake air compressor pressure ratio is within a predetermined surge pressure range. Then the differences between mass air flow sensor signals measured at a start and finish of each count of a predetermined string length counter when the compressor pressure ratio is within the predetermined surge pressure range. Next, a transition is made to an air mass estimation model output signal from a mass air flow sensor signal when a sum of the air flow differences is greater than a predetermined compressor surge threshold.

Abstract: A method for compressor surge detection to enable model based air estimation includes determining if an intake air compressor pressure ratio is within a predetermined surge pressure range. Then the differences between mass air flow sensor signals measured at a start and finish of each count of a predetermined string length counter when the compressor pressure ratio is within the predetermined surge pressure range. Next, a transition is made to an air mass estimation model output signal from a mass air flow sensor signal when a sum of the air flow differences is greater than a predetermined compressor surge threshold.