Abstract: An extruder for automatically adjusting a temperature for optimal viscosity of materials extruded through a three-dimensional printer. The extruder includes a nozzle configured to extrude a material at a set viscosity; a thermal regulator located adjacent to the nozzle through which the material is extruded, where a temperature of the thermal regulator is adjustable within a predetermined range of temperatures suitable for the material; a motor configured to advance the material through the thermal regulator and the nozzle; a motion sensor configured to detect a speed of the motor as the material passes through the extruder; a current sensor configured to detect a resistance operating against the motor as the material passes through the extruder; and a controller configured to adjust the temperature of the thermal regulator for optimal viscosity of the material based on the detected speed of the motor and the detected resistance operating against the motor.

Abstract: A nozzle for a three-dimensional (3D) printer. The nozzle includes: a first chamber; a second chamber with a spout at a lower end thereof; a shaft disposed within the first chamber with a rod that extends through an aperture at a bottom end of the first chamber to the second chamber; a spring within the first chamber, where the spring biases the shaft toward an upper end of the first chamber; a channel guide configured to receive printing material and connected to the second chamber; an electric coil surrounding the exterior of the first chamber; and a controller communicatively connected to the electric coil and configured to control an electrical current of the electric coil such that a magnetic field is changed to manipulate the position of the shaft and the rod, wherein the rod is extended through the second channel when the shaft is in an extended position.

Abstract: An extruder for automatically adjusting a temperature for optimal viscosity of materials extruded through a three-dimensional printer. The extruder includes a nozzle configured to extrude a material at a set viscosity; a thermal regulator located adjacent to the nozzle through which the material is extruded, where a temperature of the thermal regulator is adjustable within a predetermined range of temperatures suitable for the material; a motor configured to advance the material through the thermal regulator and the nozzle; a motion sensor configured to detect a speed of the motor as the material passes through the extruder; a current sensor configured to detect a resistance operating against the motor as the material passes through the extruder; and a controller configured to adjust the temperature of the thermal regulator for optimal viscosity of the material based on the detected speed of the motor and the detected resistance operating against the motor.