Abstract: Nanoparticles for use in diagnosis by photoacoustic imaging or therapy by photothermal therapy are disclosed. The nanoparticles may have a core containing a light-absorbing material and silica. The nanoparticles may contain a light-absorbing material comprising an electron accepting unit and an electron donating unit wherein the electron-donating unit is a unit of formula (IIIa-1) wherein: Y in each occurrence is independently O or S; Z in each occurrence is O, S, NR55, or C(R54)2; R51 in each occurrence is H or a substituent; R54 in each occurrence is independently a substituent; and R55 is H or a substituent.

Abstract: A conjugated light-emitting polymer comprising a host repeat unit and an intermediate repeat unit in a backbone of the conjugated light emitting polymer, and an emissive unit. The host repeat unit has a wider band gap than the intermediate unit. The intermediate repeat unit has a wider band gap than the emissive unit. The emissive unit is either: an emissive repeat unit of a block copolymer wherein the block copolymer comprises a first block comprising the intermediate repeat unit and the emissive repeat unit and a second block comprising the host repeat unit; a substituent of a proportion of the host repeat units and at least some of the host repeat units substituted with an emissive unit are arranged directly adjacent to an intermediate repeat unit; a substituent of a proportion of the intermediate repeat units; or a repeat unit in the backbone of the conjugated polymer and is arranged directly adjacent to the intermediate repeat unit.

Abstract: A compound of formula (I): (Core)n-(X)m wherein Core is a core group; n is 0 and m is 1, or n is 1 and m is at least 1; and X is a group of formula (II): wherein: R1, R3 and R5 are each independently H or a substituent; R2 and R4 are each a substituent; one of R1-R5 is a direct bond or divalent linking group linking the group of formula (II) to Core in the case where n is 1; x and y are 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; and the compound of formula (I) is substituted with at least one ionic substituent. The compound may be used as an n-dopant to dope an organic semiconductor.

Abstract: A method of identifying a target analyte in a sample containing a light-emitting marker configured to bind to the target analyte and detecting emission from the light-emitting marker. The light-emitting marker comprises a light-emitting polymer comprising a repeat unit of formula (I).

Abstract: A target analyte in a sample may be identified using a light-emitting ting marker is irradiated and emission from the sample at an emission wavelength of the light-emitting marker is detected. The method may be flow cytometry. The light-emitting marker comprises a light-emitting polymer comprising an electron-accepting repeat unit of formula (I) and an electron-donating repeat unit: (I) R1 and R2 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent and X in each occurrence is dependently a substituent. The light-emitting marker may be a particulate light-emitting marker comprising particles containing the light-emitting polymer and a matrix material, e.g. silica.

Abstract: A method of identifying a target analyte in which a sample containing a light-emitting marker configured to bind to the target analyte is irradiated and emission from the light-emitting marker is detected. The light-emitting marker comprises a light-emitting material comprising a group of formula (I): X is one of N and B and Y is the other of N and B; Ar1 and Ar2 independently are an unsubstituted or substituted an aromatic or heteroaromatic group which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents. Ar1 and Ar2 bound to the same X group may be linked by a direct bond or a divalent group. The group of formula (I) may be a repeat unit of a light-emitting polymer. The light-emitting marker may be used in flow cytometry.

Abstract: A charge-transfer salt formed from a material comprising a repeat unit of formula (I) and an n-dopant: wherein BG is a backbone group of the repeat unit; R1 is a ionic substituent comprising at least one cationic or anionic group; n is at least 1; R2 is a non-ionic substituent; and m is 0 or a positive integer; the material further comprising a counterion balancing the charge of the cationic or anionic group.

Abstract: A charge-transfer salt formed from a material comprising a repeat unit of formula (I) and an n-dopant: wherein BG is a backbone group of the repeat unit; R1 is a ionic substituent comprising at least one cationic or anionic group; n is at least 1; R2 is a non-ionic substituent; and m is 0 or a positive integer; the material further comprising a counterion balancing the charge of the cationic or anionic group.

Abstract: A compound represented by the formula (1) is provided: wherein A1 represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, —NR5— or —PR5—; at least one A1 is —NR5— or —PR5—; R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, a cycloalkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfenyl group, a cycloalkylsulfenyl group, an arylsulfenyl group or a disubstituted amino group; R2 and R3 represent an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a cycloalkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfenyl group, a cycloalkylsulfenyl group, an arylsulfenyl group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, a halogen atom or a disubstituted amino group; R4 represents a hydrogen atom, —C(R6)3, —OR7, —N(R7)2 or —Si(R7)3; m represents an integer of 0 to 3; and n represents an integer of 0 to 4.

Abstract: A method of forming an n-doped organic semiconductor, the method comprising: formation of an n-dopant reagent by reaction of a composition comprising two or more precursor units for forming the n-dopant reagent and an organic semiconductor; and n-doping the organic semiconductor. One or more of the precursor units may be a substituent of a polymeric repeat unit. The n-doped organic semiconductor may be an electron-injection layer of an organic light-emitting device.

Abstract: Provided is a light-emitting device including an anode, a light-emitting layer, an electron-transporting layer and a cathode. The electron-transporting layer contains at least one electron-transporting material whose LUMO level is ?3.0 eV or more and at least one dopant material selected from the group consisting of a heterocyclic compound whose SOMO level is ?2.2 to ?1.5 eV and a derivative thereof. The LUMO level of the electron-transporting material is smaller than the SOMO level of the heterocyclic compound.

Abstract: A compound represented by the formula (1) is provided: wherein A1 represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, —NR5— or —PR5—; at least one A1 is —NR5— or —PR5—; R1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkoxy group, a cycloalkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfenyl group, a cycloalkylsulfenyl group, an arylsulfenyl group or a disubstituted amino group; R2 and R3 represent an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an alkoxy group, a cycloalkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an alkylsulfenyl group, a cycloalkylsulfenyl group, an arylsulfenyl group, a monovalent heterocyclic group, a halogen atom or a disubstituted amino group; R4 represents a hydrogen atom, —C(R6)3, —OR7, —N(R7)2 or —Si(R7)3; m represents an integer of 0 to 3; and n represents an integer of 0 to 4.

Abstract: A composition comprising a first material substituted with at least one group of formula (I) and a second material substituted with at least one group selected from groups of formulae (IIa) and (IIb): wherein: Sp1 and Sp2 are spacer groups; NB independently in each occurrence is a norbornene group that may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents; n1 and n2 are 0 or 1; m1 is 1 if n1 is 0 and m1 is at least 1 if n1 is 1; m2 is 1 if n2 is 0 and m2 is at least 1 if n2 is 1; Ar1 represents an aryl or heteroaryl group; R1 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent; and * represents a point of attachment to the first or second material. The composition may be used to form a layer of an organic electronic device, for example the hole-transporting layer of an organic light-emitting device.

Abstract: A material substituted with a group of formula (I): wherein: Ar1 is an aryl or heteroaryl group; Sp1 represents a first spacer group; n1 is 0 or 1; m1 is 1 if n1 is 0 and m1 is at least 1 if n1 is 1; R1 independently in each occurrence is H or a substituent, with the proviso that at least one R1 is a group R11 selected from: alkyl comprising a tertiary carbon atom directly bound to a carbon atom of the cyclobutene ring of formula (I); branched alkyl wherein a secondary or tertiary carbon atom of the branched alkyl is spaced from a carbon atom of the cyclobutene ring of formula (I) by at least one —CH2— group; and alkyl comprising a cyclic alkyl group; or with the proviso that at least two R1 groups are linked to form a ring.

Abstract: A method of forming an n-doped organic semiconductor, the method comprising: formation of an n-dopant reagent by reaction of a composition comprising two or more precursor units for forming the n-dopant reagent and an organic semiconductor; and n-doping the organic semiconductor. One or more of the precursor units may be a substituent of a polymeric repeat unit. The n-doped organic semiconductor may be an electron-injection layer of an organic light-emitting device.

Abstract: The invention relates to electrochemical wound dressings wherein potential damage to healthy cells and granulating tissue induced by hypochlorite and/or hypochlorous acid is reduced by enabling effective removal or build-up of substantial concentrations thereof through use of catalysts and/or scavenging/sacrificing agents. In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the latter materials in medical devices and articles.

Abstract: The invention relates to electrochemical wound dressings wherein potential damage to healthy cells and granulating tissue induced by hypochlorite and/or hypochlorous acid is reduced by enabling effective removal or build-up of substantial concentrations thereof through use of catalysts and/or scavenging/sacrificing agents. In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of the latter materials in medical devices and articles.

Abstract: A method of forming a crosslinked polymer comprising the step of reacting a crosslinkable group in the presence of a polymer, wherein: the crosslinkable group comprises a core unit substituted with at least one crosslinkable unit of formula (I): the crosslinkable group is bound to the polymer or is a crosslinkable compound mixed with the polymer; Ar is aryl or heteroaryl which may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from monovalent substituents and a divalent linking group linking the unit of formula (I) to the core unit; and R is independently in each occurrence H, a monovalent substituent or a divalent linking group linking the unit of formula (I) to the core unit, with the proviso that at least one R is not H.

Abstract: Provided is a light-emitting device including an anode, a light-emitting layer, an electron-transporting layer and a cathode. The electron-transporting layer contains at least one electron-transporting material whose LUMO level is ?3.0 eV or more and at least one dopant material selected from the group consisting of a heterocyclic compound whose SOMO level is ?2.2 to ?1.5 eV and a derivative thereof. The LUMO level of the electron-transporting material is smaller than the SOMO level of the heterocyclic compound.

Abstract: A charge-transfer salt formed from an organic semiconductor doped by a polymer comprising a first repeat unit substituted with at least one group comprising at least one n-dopant. The n-dopant may spontaneously n-dope the organic semiconductor or may n-dope the organic semiconductor upon activation. An electron-injection layer of an organic light-emitting device may comprise the n-doped semiconductor.