Abstract: An apparatus, and a system for manufacturing a bioplastic material from a blend solution of gum arabica (GA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is provided. The apparatus includes a panel having a first end, a second end distal to the first end, and a plurality of walls extending from a periphery of the panel, the panel configured to accommodate the blend solution. The apparatus further includes a plurality of support members coupled to the first end and the second end of the panel and configured to adjust a slope angle of the panel; and one or more vibration generating units coupled to the plurality of support members and configured to vibrate the panel when the blend solution flows from the first end to the second end of the panel. A method of preparing the bioplastic material is also disclosed.

Abstract: A Fenton apparatus of the present disclosure includes a reactor vessel, gas injection inlets that allow ejection of aeration coolant perpendicular to axis of the reactor vessel to agitate a reaction composition present in the reactor vessel under vortex conditions, a jacket cooling loop encasing the reactor vessel to allow circulation of a jacket coolant selected from a group consisting of forced air, nitrogen gas, and water, a coil cooling loop coiling around the reactor vessel to allow circulation of a coil coolant selected from a group consisting of forced air, nitrogen gas, water, and carbon dioxide. Multiple programmable solenoid valves are provided to individually control injection of the aeration coolant, the jacket coolant, and the coil coolant. A controller is provided to communicate with a temperature sensor and each programmable solenoid valve.

Abstract: The present invention involves an environmentally friendly process and apparatus for the delignification of lignin-containing materials, such as cardboard newspaper or agricultural or tree pruning wastes. This process produces cellulose using low temperatures and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. It can be performed using a column fitted with a semipermeable gasket that pressurizes the column by retaining oxygen released by action of the hydrogen peroxide on a lignin-containing material.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a simple and economical method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by contacting frozen concentrated sulfuric acid with microcrystalline cellulose, diluting the mixture in water and hair-shaped ice to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose, and separating the NCC. Another aspect of the invention pertains to an apparatus for conducting this method which includes an acid resistant hydrolysis container having a cooling jacket containing a hollow stirrer each of which may be filled with liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a simple and economical method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by contacting frozen concentrated sulfuric acid with microcrystalline cellulose, diluting the mixture in water and hair-shaped ice to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose, and separating the NCC. Another aspect of the invention pertains to an apparatus for conducting this method which includes an acid resistant hydrolysis container having a cooling jacket containing a hollow stirrer each of which may be filled with liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a simple and economical method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by contacting frozen concentrated sulfuric acid with microcrystalline cellulose, diluting the mixture in water and hair-shaped ice to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose, and separating the NCC. Another aspect of the invention pertains to an apparatus for conducting this method which includes an acid resistant hydrolysis container having a cooling jacket containing a hollow stirrer each of which may be filled with liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a simple and economical method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by contacting frozen concentrated sulfuric acid with microcrystalline cellulose, diluting the mixture in water and hair-shaped ice to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose, and separating the NCC. Another aspect of the invention pertains to an apparatus for conducting this method which includes an acid resistant hydrolysis container having a cooling jacket containing a hollow stirrer each of which may be filled with liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: The present invention involves an environmentally friendly process and apparatus for the delignification of lignin-containing materials, such as cardboard newspaper or agricultural or tree pruning wastes. This process produces cellulose using low temperatures and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. It can be performed using a column fitted with a semipermeable gasket that pressurizes the column by retaining oxygen released by action of the hydrogen peroxide on a lignin-containing material.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a simple and economical method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by contacting frozen concentrated sulfuric acid with microcrystalline cellulose, diluting the mixture in water and hair-shaped ice to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose, and separating the NCC. Another aspect of the invention pertains to an apparatus for conducting this method which includes an acid resistant hydrolysis container having a cooling jacket containing a hollow stirrer each of which may be filled with liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: A Fenton apparatus of the present disclosure includes a reactor vessel, gas injection inlets that allow ejection of aeration coolant perpendicular to axis of the reactor vessel to agitate a reaction composition present in the reactor vessel under vortex conditions, a jacket cooling loop encasing the reactor vessel to allow circulation of a jacket coolant selected from a group consisting of forced air, nitrogen gas, and water, a coil cooling loop coiling around the reactor vessel to allow circulation of a coil coolant selected from a group consisting of forced air, nitrogen gas, water, and carbon dioxide. Multiple programmable solenoid valves are provided to individually control injection of the aeration coolant, the jacket coolant, and the coil coolant. A controller is provided to communicate with a temperature sensor and each programmable solenoid valve.

Abstract: The present invention involves an environmentally friendly process and apparatus for the delignification of lignin-containing materials, such as cardboard newspaper or agricultural or tree pruning wastes. This process produces cellulose using low temperatures and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. It can be performed using a column fitted with a semipermeable gasket that pressurizes the column by retaining oxygen released by action of the hydrogen peroxide on a lignin-containing material.

Abstract: The present invention involves an environmentally friendly process and apparatus for the delignification of lignin-containing materials, such as cardboard newspaper or agricultural or tree pruning wastes. This process produces cellulose using low temperatures and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. It can be performed using a column fitted with a semipermeable gasket that pressurizes the column by retaining oxygen released by action of the hydrogen peroxide on a lignin-containing material.

Abstract: The present invention involves an environmentally friendly process and apparatus for the delignification of lignin-containing materials, such as cardboard newspaper or agricultural or tree pruning wastes. This process produces cellulose using low temperatures and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. It can be performed using a column fitted with a semipermeable gasket that pressurizes the column by retaining oxygen released by action of the hydrogen peroxide on a lignin-containing material.

Abstract: A system for manufacturing purified shellac floss from crude shellac includes a spinner unit, and a rotatable head with a cavity to accommodate the crude shellac. A microwave generator unit is configured to supply microwave radiation to the spinner unit. A collection unit has a side wall and an end wall defining an interior volume and is configured to collect the purified shellac floss.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a simple and economical method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by contacting frozen concentrated sulfuric acid with microcrystalline cellulose, diluting the mixture in water and hair-shaped ice to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose, and separating the NCC. Another aspect of the invention pertains to an apparatus for conducting this method which includes an acid resistant hydrolysis container having a cooling jacket containing a hollow stirrer each of which may be filled with liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a simple and economical method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by contacting frozen concentrated sulfuric acid with microcrystalline cellulose, diluting the mixture in water and hair-shaped ice to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose, and separating the NCC. Another aspect of the invention pertains to an apparatus for conducting this method which includes an acid resistant hydrolysis container having a cooling jacket containing a hollow stirrer each of which may be filled with liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: The present invention involves an environmentally friendly process and apparatus for the delignification of lignin-containing materials, such as cardboard newspaper or agricultural or tree pruning wastes. This process produces cellulose using low temperatures and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. It can be performed using a column fitted with a semipermeable gasket that pressurizes the column by retaining oxygen released by action of the hydrogen peroxide on a lignin-containing material.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a simple and economical method for producing nanocrystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by contacting frozen concentrated sulfuric acid with microcrystalline cellulose, diluting the mixture in water and hair-shaped ice to hydrolyze the microcrystalline cellulose, and separating the NCC. Another aspect of the invention pertains to an apparatus for conducting this method which includes an acid resistant hydrolysis container having a cooling jacket containing a hollow stirrer each of which may be filled with liquid nitrogen.

Abstract: The method of making nanocrystalline cellulose is a flash lyophilized-acidic hydrolysis method for converting cellulosic fibers into nanocrystalline cellulose. Cellulosic fibers are initially ground in a high-speed, rotary grinder to produce ground cellulose fiber. The ground cellulose fiber is then dried to produce dried, ground cellulose, which is then freeze-dried to yield lyophilized cellulose. Pure concentrated sulfuric acid is then added to the lyophilized cellulose at a liquid/solid ratio of 1:1 (vol/wt) to form a cellulosic paste. The cellulosic paste is diluted in either water or absolute ethanol at a liquid/solid ratio of 1:1 (vol/wt) to form a cellulosic solution, which is then filtered under cooling by liquid nitrogen-vapor. The nanocrystalline cellulose precipitate is then washed until neutralization and dried to yield nanocrystalline cellulose.

Abstract: The method of making nanocrystalline cellulose is a flash lyophilized-acidic hydrolysis method for converting cellulosic fibers into nanocrystalline cellulose. Cellulosic fibers are initially ground in a high-speed, rotary grinder to produce ground cellulose fiber. The ground cellulose fiber is then dried to produce dried, ground cellulose, which is then freeze-dried to yield lyophilized cellulose. Pure concentrated sulfuric acid is then added to the lyophilized cellulose at a liquid/solid ratio of 1:1 (vol/wt) to form a cellulosic paste. The cellulosic paste is diluted in either water or absolute ethanol at a liquid/solid ratio of 1:1 (vol/wt) to form a cellulosic solution, which is then filtered under cooling by liquid nitrogen-vapor. The nanocrystalline cellulose precipitate is then washed until neutralization and dried to yield nanocrystalline cellulose.