Abstract: An example genetically engineered electrically-stimulated (ES) cell comprises an exogenous polynucleotide sequence that includes an electrical-sensor element, an actuator element, and an effector element. The electrical-sensor element encodes a voltage-gated calcium ion channel (CaV), wherein the CaV is configured to transition from a closed state to an open state in response to stimulation. The actuator element encodes a transcription factor binding site that upregulates synthesis of an effector protein. The effector element encodes the effector protein, wherein, in response to the transition of the CaV to the open state, the genetically engineered ES effector cell is configured to activate and, to synthesize and secrete the effector protein.