Abstract: A method includes providing a layer having a plurality of spaced-apart lines of a first material extending along a first direction and forming a line of a second material on opposing surfaces of each line of the first material, the first and second materials being different and adjacent lines of the second material being discontinuous. After forming the lines of the second material, forming pairs of spaced-apart lines of a third material between adjacent pairs of the lines of the second material, wherein each line of the third material is spaced apart from the closest line of the second material and the first and third materials are different.

Abstract: A polarizer may be flexibly mounted within a frame to yield. The polarizer may then be handled, within the frame, without directly contacting the polarizer. A plurality of such frame-mounted polarizers may be combined in a tray in which they are aligned to form a mosaic polarizer that may be configured as a one-dimensional, linear, polarizer array or a two-dimensional, rectangular, polarizer array.

Abstract: Methods for forming a metal grating include providing a first grating including a plurality of grating lines formed from a dielectric material, each grating having a pair of sidewalls, facing sidewalls of adjacent grating lines being separated by corresponding trenches, the grating lines and trenches forming a grating surface; forming a layer of a metal on the grating surface, where the metal layer has a constant thickness and conforms to the grating surface; and removing portions of the metal layer between sidewalls of adjacent grating lines of the first grating to form a metal grating having grating lines formed from the metal, the grating lines of the metal grating corresponding to the portions of the metal layer adjacent the sidewalls of the grating lines of the first grating. The metal grating has a pitch of 200 nm or less, a depth of 50 nm or more, and the grating lines of the metal grating have an aspect ratio of 10-to-1 or more.

Abstract: In general, in a first aspect, the invent features a method, including providing a layer having a plurality of spaced-apart lines of a first material extending along a first direction and forming a line of a second material on opposing surfaces of each line of the first material, the first and second materials being different and adjacent lines of the second material being discontinuous. After forming the lines of the second material, forming pairs of spaced-apart lines of a third material between adjacent pairs of the lines of the second material, wherein each line of the third material is spaced apart from the closest line of the second material and the first and third materials are different.

Abstract: Methods include providing an article including a substrate, a first layer supported by the substrate, and an interface between the substrate and the first layer. The substrate is substantially transparent to radiation at a wavelength ? and the first layer is formed from a photoresist. The methods include exposing the first layer to radiation by directing radiation at ? through the substrate to impinge on the interface so that the radiation experiences total internal reflection at the interface.

Abstract: Methods for forming a metal grating include providing a first grating including a plurality of grating lines formed from a dielectric material, each grating having a pair of sidewalls, facing sidewalls of adjacent grating lines being separated by corresponding trenches, the grating lines and trenches forming a grating surface; forming a layer of a metal on the grating surface, where the metal layer has a constant thickness and conforms to the grating surface; and removing portions of the metal layer between sidewalls of adjacent grating lines of the first grating to form a metal grating having grating lines formed from the metal, the grating lines of the metal grating corresponding to the portions of the metal layer adjacent the sidewalls of the grating lines of the first grating. The metal grating has a pitch of 200 nm or less, a depth of 50 nm or more, and the grating lines of the metal grating have an aspect ratio of 10-to-1 or more.

Abstract: In general, in a first aspect, the invent features a method, including providing a layer having a plurality of spaced-apart lines of a first material extending along a first direction and forming a line of a second material on opposing surfaces of each line of the first material, the first and second materials being different and adjacent lines of the second material being discontinuous. After forming the lines of the second material, forming pairs of spaced-apart lines of a third material between adjacent pairs of the lines of the second material, wherein each line of the third material is spaced apart from the closest line of the second material and the first and third materials are different.

Abstract: A diaphragm valve is provided with a valve housing having an inlet passage extending into a chamber and an outlet passage extending from the chamber. A diaphragm is mounted to the valve housing for covering the valve chamber. The diaphragm is provided with an aperture extending centrally therethrough. A valve stem is mounted adjacent the diaphragm externally of the valve chamber, such that movement of the valve stem deflects the diaphragm. A valving element is disposed in the valve chamber and is threadedly engaged with the valve stem through the aperture in the diaphragm. A toroidal sealing bead on the valving element is sealingly engaged with portions of the diaphragm surrounding the aperture therein.